State Of Rajasthan vs Pabudan Singh And Lachhman Singh
- SCC(1976) 3 SCC 84
- AIRAIR 1976 SC 1765
Ratio decidendi
The rule this decision rests on
Where an eyewitness's testimony is the sole basis for conviction on a charge of murder, the conviction cannot be sustained if there are material inconsistencies between the witness's account at different stages of the proceedings, particularly regarding the weapons used or the timing of the incident. A conviction cannot rest on eyewitness testimony where the physical circumstances of observation — such as the presence of an obstructing fence between the witness and the place of occurrence, or the witness's inability to identify the assailants due to darkness or distance — render the evidence unsafe, even if the witness was present at or near the scene. Where an alleged eyewitness to a murder does not immediately communicate the identity of the perpetrators to persons he encounters shortly after the incident, despite having purportedly witnessed the crime, this omission is a circumstance that renders his later identification of the accused unsafe to rely upon.
Written by Miss Lucy from the judgment below, not taken from a headnote.
Judgment
As delivered
1. The respondents were convicted by the Additional Sessions Judge, Merta, under Section 302 of the Penal Code and were sentenced to imprisonment for life. The order of conviction and sentence having been set aside by the High Court of Rajasthan, the State Government has filed this appeal by special leave.
2. The incident out of which these proceedings arise took place on the night of July 2, 1968 in a village called Jesas. The deceased Ramsingh had gone on the evening of the 2nd for supplying milk to a customer and since he did hot return for too long, his wife Sugan Kanwar, asked Bhabhoota Ram and Aduram (P. Ws 1 and 11) to find out why Ramsingh had not returned. It is alleged that, while on their way, these two persons saw the respondent committing the murder of Ramsingh.
3. The charge of murder leveled against the respondents can be sustained only if the testimony of Bhabhoota Ram & Aduram is safe to accept. The learned Additional Sessions Judge was not impressed by the evidence of Aduram and for a good reason. The witness had cataract in both of this eyes and the moonlight howsoever clear, could not have helped him to fee what, physically, he was incapable of seeing. We are thus left with the evidence of Bhabhoota Ram only.
4. Bhabhoota Ram and Aduram went immediately after the occurrence to lodge the First Information Report. Whereas that report says that one of the two respondents was armed with a Pharsa, Bhabhoota Ram, finding that Ramsingh had not received any incised injury said in the Sessions Court that both the respondents were armed with Lathis. Evidence in the case shows that between the spot from where Bhabhoota Ram is alleged to have seen the murder aid the place of occurrence, there was a high fence which would obstruct the witness's view of the incident. In fact we share the doubt expressed by the High Court as to whether the incident at all took place before the setting of the moon at about 11 p.m.. The two eye-witnesses gave different version at different times and said at one stage they were not sure whether the incident took place before or after the midnight. If the incident took place after mid night they could not have identified the assailants from the place where they were standing. Bhabhoota Ram had stated before the committing Magistrate that Ramsingh's assailants had never come face to face with him. It is also significant that though Prabhu was one of the earliest to meet Bhabhoota Ram after the murder of Ramsingh, Bhabhoota Ram did not tell Prabhu that he was a witness to the murder. Sugna the brother of Bhabhoota Ram, who was examined as a defence witness, stated that though Prabhu and Aduram told him at about mid-night that Ramsingh was murdered, they were unable to give any further details of the incident. Sugna asked them as to who had committed the murder and they said that they did not know. These circumstances render it unsafe to rely on the evidence of Bhabhoota Ram.
5. In the result, the order of acquittal passed by the High Court is confirmed and the appeal dismissed.
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