State Of Maharashtra vs M/S Hindustan Construction Co.Ltd

(respondent) and the State of Maharashtra (Irrigation

Department, the Executive Engineer - appellant) entered into a

contract on March 14, 1992 being ICB Contract No. II/1992 for

the construction of civil work of Pressure Shafts and Power

House Complex at Koyana Hydro Electric Project, Stage-IV.

The contract work was completed by respondent within the

extended period i.e., by March 31, 2000. However, it appears

that disputes arose between the parties in respect of the work

carried out by respondent in relation to (a) revision of

percentages for hidden expenses, over breaks and profit for

further additional cases of extract items/rate revision; (b) claim

for extended stay at site; (c) revision of rate for Pressure Shaft

excavation; (d) fixation of new rate on account of variation in

the item of Transformer hall arch concrete; and (e) fixation of

new rate on account of variation in the item of Transformer Hall

excavation. These disputes were referred to the Arbitral

Tribunal. The Arbitral Tribunal made award on June 26, 2003

2 and a signed copy thereof was forwarded to the appellant

along with the letter dated June 30, 2003. By the said award

the Arbitral Tribunal awarded an amount of Rs. 17,81,25,152/-

to respondent and further directed that if the said amount was

not paid by appellant within two months from the date of the

award, then the awarded sum shall carry an interest at the rate

of 15 per cent per annum from June 27, 2003.

4. Not satisfied with the award dated June 26, 2003,

appellant made an arbitration application on August 22, 2003

for setting aside the award. The appellant also relied upon

Sections 28, 33 and 16 of 1996 Act in assailing the award

being in contravention of the provisions of 1996 Act and set up

the grounds viz., (i) waiver (final bill was accepted by

respondent without protest and the claims are not arbitrable);

(ii) acquiescence (contract ceased to exist after accepting final

payment which was made on March 30, 2001 after completion

of maintenance period); (iii) delay (claims are time barred under

the provisions of the Limitation Act); (iv) laches (respondent's

Arbitrator was not appointed before expiry of 30 days from the

defect liability and, therefore, the claimant was not entitled to

3 bring claim Nos. 3, 4 and 5 to arbitration) and (v) res judicata

(claim No. 1 was referred to the earlier Arbitration Panel in the

year 1998 and hence the said claim is barred by principles of

res judicata).

5. The District Judge, Ratnagiri vide order dated June

29, 2006 rejected the application for setting aside the award

dated June 26, 2003.

6. The appellant aggrieved thereby preferred an

appeal under Section 37 of 1996 Act on February 6, 2007

before the High Court of Judicature at Bombay.

7. On June 23, 2008, appellant made an application

before the High Court seeking amendment to the memorandum

of arbitration appeal by adding additional grounds, namely, that

the Arbitral Tribunal exceeded jurisdiction in awarding revision

of percentage for hidden expenses over-heads and profits for

further additional items (Claim No. 1); that the Arbitral Tribunal

acted beyond the scope of arbitration with regard to extended

stay charges (Claim No. 2); the Arbitral Tribunal exceeded

jurisdiction and, in fact, committed error of jurisdiction in

granting claim pertaining to revision of rate for pressure shaft

4 excavation and mis-conducted themselves in awarding

escalation considering March 2000 Indices.

8. The aforesaid application was opposed by

respondent on diverse grounds, inter alia, that the additional

grounds sought to be incorporated in the memorandum of

arbitration appeal can not be allowed at this stage after the

expiry of period prescribed in Section 34(3) as that would

tantamount to entertaining a challenge after and beyond the

period of limitation and that the award has not been challenged

by the appellant on any of the grounds sought to be

urged/added through the amendment application.

9. On January 9, 2009, learned Single Judge

dismissed the application for amendment in the memorandum

of arbitration appeal. Learned Single Judge held that the

ground not initially raised in a petition for setting aside the

arbitral award can not be permitted to be raised beyond the

period of limitation prescribed in Section 34(3). It was also

observed that the proposed amendments in the memorandum

of arbitration appeal are not even sought to the grounds

contained in the application under Section 34.

5

10. Mr. Shekhar Naphade, learned senior counsel for

the appellant submitted that there is no nexus between

pleadings and limitation and it is the relief that determines the

limitation. The grounds/objections in the petition under Section

34 of 1996 Act are in the nature of pleadings and any

amendment thereto must be guided by the same principles

which govern amendments to the pleadings. He heavily relied

upon the decisions of this Court in L.J. Leach and Company

Ltd., v. Jardine Skinner and Co.1 and Pirgonda Hongonda Patil

v. Kalgonda Shidgonda Patil and Others2 in support of his

contention that delay does not affect the power of the court to

order amendments if that is required in the interest of justice. Learned senior counsel also placed reliance upon decision of

this Court in Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal v. National Building

Material Supply, Gurgaon3 and submitted that the Court always

grants leave to amend pleadings of a party, unless it is mala

fide or that the other side can not be compensated for by an

order of costs.

1 (1957) SCR 438 2 (1957) SCR 595 3 (1969) 1 SCC 869

6

11. Mr. Shekhar Naphade submitted that although the

Arbitral Tribunal is bound to decide in accordance with the

terms of the contract, as mandated by Section 28 of 1996 Act,

in the present case respondent got the relief from the Arbitral

Tribunal beyond the terms of contract and, therefore, in the

interest of justice, the amendments sought for by the

appellant for addition of grounds in the memorandum of

arbitration appeal ought to have been granted. He also

contended that decision of the Division Bench of Bombay High

Court in Vastu Invest & Holdings Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai v. Gujarat

Lease Financing Ltd., Mumbai4 does not lay down the correct

law.

12. Mr. Ashok Desai, learned senior counsel for the

respondent, on the other hand, submitted that recourse to a

court against an arbitral award could be made only by way of

an application under Section 34 for setting aside such award

and sub-section (3) thereof stipulates that such an application

may not be made after three months have elapsed from the

date on which the party making the application has received

4 2001 (2) Arb. LR 315 (Bombay)

7 the arbitral award. Proviso to Section 34(3) empowers the

Court, if satisfied of sufficient cause, to entertain the application

for setting aside award within a further period of thirty days but

not thereafter. He would submit that the time limit prescribed

under Section 34 to challenge an award is absolute and

unextendible by Court. He relied upon two decisions of this

Court in this regard, namely (i) Union of India v. Popular

Construction Co.5 and Consolidated Engineering Enterprises v.

Principal Secretary, Irrigation Department and Others6. He

submitted that Bombay High Court in Vastu Invest and

Holdings Private Limited4 has rightly held that new ground/s

cannot be permitted to be introduced into an arbitration petition

for setting aside of the award beyond the period of four months

stipulated in Section 34(3) of the 1996 Act. He also relied upon

decisions of this Court in Madan Lal v. Sunder Lal and

Another7; Bijendra Nath Srivastava v. Mayank Srivastava and

others8 and Dhartipakar Madan Lal Agarwal v. Rajiv Gandhi9.

5 (2001) 8 SCC 470 6 (2008) 7 SCC 169 7 AIR 1967 SC 1233 8 (1994) 6 SCC 117 9 1987 (Supp.) SCC 93 8

13. Mr. Ashok Desai submitted that more than five

years after the award, the appellant was not entitled to seek

amendment in the memorandum of arbitration appeal by adding

new grounds which were not taken in the application for setting

aside the award. He, thus, submitted that High Court was not

unjustified in rejecting the application for amendment in the

memorandum of arbitration appeal.

14. Pleadings and particulars are required to enable the

court to decide true rights of the parties in trial. Amendment in

the pleadings is a matter of procedure. Grant or refusal

thereof is in the discretion of the court. But like any other

discretion, such discretion has to be exercised consistent with

settled legal principles. In Ganesh Trading Co. v. Moji Ram10,

this Court stated :

"Procedural law is intended to facilitate and not to obstruct the course of substantive justice. Provisions relating to pleading in civil cases are meant to give to each side intimation of the case of the other so that it may be met, to enable Courts to determine what is really at issue between parties, and to prevent deviations from the course which litigation on particular causes of action must take."

10 (1978) 2 SCR 614

9

15. Insofar as Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (for short

`CPC') is concerned, Order VI Rule 17 provides for amendment

of pleadings. It says that the Court may at any stage of the

proceedings allow either party to alter or amend his pleadings

in such manner and on such terms as may be just, and all such

amendments shall be made as may be necessary for the

purpose of determining the real questions in controversy

between the parties. The matters relating to amendment of

pleadings have come up for consideration before courts from

time to time. As far back as in 1884 in Clarapede & Company v.

Commercial Union Association11 - an appeal that came up

before Court of Appeal, Brett M.R. stated :

".....The rule of conduct of the court in such a case is that, however negligent or careless may have been the first omission, and, however late the proposed amendment, the amendment should be allowed if it can be made without injustice to the other side. There is no injustice if the other side can be compensated by costs; but, if the amendment will put them into such a position that they must be injured, it ought not to be made....."

16. In Charan Das and Others v. Amir Khan and

Others12, Privy Council exposited the legal position that

11 Vol XXXII The Weekly Reporter 262 12 (1920) LR 47 IA 255

1 although power of a Court to amend the plaint in a suit should

not as a rule be exercised where the effect is to take away from

the defendant a legal right which has accrued to him by lapse

of time, yet there are cases in which that consideration is

outweighed by the special circumstances of the case.

17. A four-Judge Bench of this Court in L.J. Leach and

Company Ltd., v. Jardine Skinner and Co.1 while dealing with

the prayer for amendment of the plaint made before this Court

whereby plaintiff sought to raise, in the alternative, a claim for

damages for breach of contract for non-delivery of the goods

relied upon the decision of Privy Council in Charan Das &

Others12; granted leave at that stage and held :

"It is no doubt true that courts would, as a rule, decline to allow amendments, if a fresh suit on the amended claim would be barred by limitation on the date of the application. But that is a factor to be taken into account in exercise of the discretion as to whether amendment should be ordered, and does not affect the power of the court to order it, if that is required in the interests of justice."

18. Again, a three-Judge Bench of this Court in

Pirgonda Hongonda Patil2 in the matter of amendment of the

1 plaint at appellate stage reiterated the legal principles

exposited in L.J. Leach and Company Ltd.1 and Charan Das

and others12. This Court observed :

"Recently, we have had occasion to consider a similar prayer for amendment in L.J. Leach & Co. v. Jardine Skinner & Co., 1957 SCR 438, where, in allowing an amendment of the plaint in an appeal before us, we said: "It is no doubt true that courts would, as a rule, decline to allow amendments, if a fresh suit on the amended claim would be barred by limitation on the date of the application. But that is a factor to be taken into account in exercise of the discretion as to whether amendment should be ordered, and does not affect the power of the court to order it, if that is required in the interests of justice." These observations were made in a case where damages were originally claimed on the footing of conversion of goods. We held, in agreement with the learned Judges of the High Court, that on the evidence the claim for damages on the footing of conversion must fail. The plaintiffs then applied to this Court for amendment of the plaint by raising, in the alternative, a claim for damages for breach of contract for non-delivery of the goods. The application was resisted by the respondents and one of the grounds of resistance was that the period of limitation had expired. We accepted as correct the decision in Charan Das v. Amir Khan, (1920) LR 47 IA 255 which laid down that "though there was full power to make the amendment, such a power should not as a rule be exercised where the effect was to take away from a defendant a legal right which had accrued to him by lapse of time; yet there were cases where such considerations were outweighed by the special circumstances of the case".

As pointed out in Charan Das case the power exercised was undoubtedly one within the discretion of the learned Judges. All that can be urged is that the discretion was exercised on a wrong principle. We do not think that it

1 was so exercised in the present case. The facts of the present case are very similar to those of the case before Their Lordships of the Privy Council. In the latter, the respondents sued for a declaration of their right of pre- emption over certain land, a form of suit which would not lie having regard to the proviso to s.42 of the Specific Relief Act (1 of 1877). The trial Judge and the first appellate court refused to allow the plaint to be amended by claiming possession on pre-emption, since the time had expired for bringing a suit to enforce the right. Upon a second appeal the court allowed the amendment to be made, there being no ground for suspecting that the plaintiffs had not acted in good faith, and the proposed amendment not altering the nature of the relief sought. In the case before us, there was a similar defect in the plaint, and the trial Judge refused to allow the plaint to be amended on the ground that the period of limitation for a suit under O. XXI, r.103 of the Code of Civil Procedure, had expired. The learned Judges of the High Court rightly pointed out that the mistake in the trial Court was more that of the learned pleader and the proposed amendment did not alter the nature of the reliefs sought."

19. In Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal3, this Court was

concerned with a matter wherein amendment in the plaint was

refused on the ground that the amendment could not take

effect retrospectively and on the date of the amendment the

action was barred by the law of limitation. It was held :

"....Rules of procedure are intended to be a handmaid to the administration of justice. A party cannot be

1 refused just relief merely because of some mistake, negligence, inadvertance or even infraction of the Rules of procedure. The Court always gives leave to amend the pleading of a party, unless it is satisfied that the party applying was acting mala fide, or that by his blunder, he had caused injury to his opponent which may not be compensated for by an order of costs. However negligent or careless may have been the first omission, and, however late the proposed amendment, the amendment may be allowed if it can be made without injustice to the other side."

This Court further stated :

".....The power to grant amendment of the pleadings is intended to serve the ends of justice and is not governed by any such narrow or technical limitations."

20. Do the principles relating to amendment of

pleadings in original proceedings apply to the amendment in

the grounds of appeal? Order XLI Rule 2 CPC makes a

provision that the appellant shall not, except by leave of the

Court, urge or be heard in support of any ground of objection

not set forth in the memorandum of appeal; but the Appellate

Court, in deciding the appeal, shall not be confined to the

grounds of objections set forth in the memorandum of appeal

1 or taken by leave of the Court. Order XLI Rule 3 CPC provides

that where the memorandum of appeal is not drawn up as

prescribed, it may be rejected, or be returned to the appellant

for the purpose of being amended.

21. The aforesaid provisions in CPC leave no manner

of doubt that the appellate court has power to grant leave to

amend the memorandum of appeal. As a matter of fact, in

Harcharan v. State of Haryana13, this Court observed that the

memorandum of appeal has same position like the plaint in the

suit. This Court said:

".....When an appeal is preferred the memorandum of appeal has the same position like the plaint in a suit because plaintiff is held to the case pleaded in the plaint. In the case of memorandum of appeal same situation obtains in view of Order 41, Rule 3. The appellant is confined to and also would be held to the memorandum of appeal. To overcome any contention that such is not the pleading the appellant sought the amendment....."

22. In light of the aforesaid legal position governing the

amendment of pleadings in the suit and memorandum of

appeal, the immediate question to be considered is : whether

13 (1982) 3 SCC 408

1 the same principles must govern the amendment of an

application for setting aside the award or for that matter,

amendment in an appeal under Section 37 of 1996 Act. In

Madan Lal7, this Court with reference to the provisions of the

Arbitration Act, 1940 (for short, `1940 Act') stated that under the

scheme of 1940 Act there has to be an application to set aside

the award; such application has to be made within the period of

limitation and any objection to the award after the limitation has

elapsed cannot be entertained. This Court observed :

"8. It is clear, therefore, from the scheme of the Act that if a party wants an award to be set aside on any of the grounds mentioned in S. 30 it must apply within 30 days of the date of service of notice of filing of the award as provided in Art. 158 of the Limitation Act. If no such application is made the award cannot be set aside on any of the grounds specified in S. 30 of the Act. It may be conceded that there is no special form prescribed for making such an application and in an appropriate case an objection of the type made in this case may be treated as such an application, if it is filed within the period of limitation. But if an objection like this has been filed after the period of limitation it cannot be treated as an application to set aside the award, for if it is so treated it will be barred by limitation.

9. It is not in dispute in the present case that the objections raised by the appellant were covered by S. 30 of the Act, and though the appellant did not pray for setting aside the award in his objection that was what he really wanted the court to do after hearing his objection. As in the present case the objection was filed more than 30 days after the notice it could not be treated as an

1 application for setting the award, for it would then be barred by limitation. The position thus is that in the present case there was no application to set aside the award on grounds mentioned in S. 30 within the period of limitation and therefore the court could not set aside the award on those grounds. There can be no doubt on the scheme of the Act that any objection even in the nature of a written-statement which falls under S. 30 cannot be considered by the court unless such an objection is made within the period of limitation (namely, 30 days), though if such an objection is made within limitation that objection may in appropriate cases be treated as an application for setting aside the award."

23. In Popular Construction Company5 this Court, while

considering the question whether the provisions of Section 5 of

Limitation Act, 1963 are applicable to an application

challenging an award under Section 34 of the 1996 Act, held :

"12. As far as the language of Section 34 of the 1996 Act is concerned, the crucial words are "but not thereafter" used in the proviso to sub-section (3). In our opinion, this phrase would amount to an express exclusion within the meaning of Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act, and would therefore bar the application of Section 5 of that Act. Parliament did not need to go further. To hold that the court could entertain an application to set aside the award beyond the extended period under the proviso, would render the phrase "but not thereafter" wholly otiose. No principle of interpretation would justify such a result.

1 13. Apart from the language, "express exclusion" may follow from the scheme and object of the special or local law:

"[E]ven in a case where the special law does not exclude the provisions of Sections 4 to 24 of the Limitation Act by an express reference, it would nonetheless be open to the court to examine whether and to what extent the nature of those provisions or the nature of the subject-matter and scheme of the special law exclude their operation."

14. Here the history and scheme of the 1996 Act support the conclusion that the time-limit prescribed under Section 34 to challenge an award is absolute and unextendible by court under Section 5 of the Limitation Act. The Arbitration and Conciliation Bill, 1995 which preceded the 1996 Act stated as one of its main objectives the need "to minimise the supervisory role of courts in the arbitral process". This objective has found expression in Section 5 of the Act which prescribes the extent of judicial intervention in no uncertain terms:

"5. Extent of judicial intervention.--

Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, in matters governed by this Part, no judicial authority shall intervene except where so provided in this Part."

15. The "Part" referred to in Section 5 is Part I of the 1996 Act which deals with domestic arbitrations. Section 34 is contained in Part I and is therefore subject to the sweep of the prohibition contained in Section 5 of the 1996 Act."

1

24. Again in Consolidated Engineering Enterprises6,

this Court observed:

"19. A bare reading of sub-section (3) of Section 34 read with the proviso makes it abundantly clear that the application for setting aside the award on the grounds mentioned in sub-section (2) of Section 34 will have to be made within three months. The period can further be extended, on sufficient cause being shown, by another period of 30 days but not thereafter. It means that as far as application for setting aside the award is concerned, the period of limitation prescribed is three months which can be extended by another period of 30 days, on sufficient cause being shown to the satisfaction of the court."

25. There is no doubt that application for setting aside

an arbitral award under Section 34 of 1996 Act has to be made

within time prescribed under sub-section(3) i.e., within three

months and a further period of thirty days on sufficient cause

being shown and not thereafter. Whether incorporation of

additional grounds by way of amendment in the application

under Section 34 tantamounts to filing a fresh application in all

situations and circumstances. If that were to be treated so, it

would follow that no amendment in the application for setting

aside the award howsoever material or relevant it may be for

consideration by the Court can be added nor existing ground

1 amended after the prescribed period of limitation has expired

although application for setting aside the arbitral award has

been made in time. This is not and could not have been the

intention of Legislature while enacting Section 34. Moreso,

Section 34(2)(b) enables the Court to set aside the arbitral

award if it finds that the subject matter of the dispute is not

capable of settlement by arbitration under the law for the time

being in force or the arbitral award is in conflict with the public

policy of India. The words in Clause (b) "the Court finds that" do

enable the Court, where the application under Section 34 has

been made within prescribed time, to grant leave to amend

such application if the very peculiar circumstances of the case

so warrant and it is so required in the interest of justice. L.J.

Leach and Company Ltd.1 and Pirgonda Hongonda Patil2,

seem to enshrine clearly that courts would, as a rule, decline to

allow amendments, if a fresh claim on the proposed

amendments would be barred by limitation on the date of

application but that would be a factor for consideration in

exercise of the discretion as to whether leave to amend should

be granted but that does not affect the power of the court to

2 order it, if that is required in the interest of justice. There is no

reason why the same rule should not be applied when the

Court is called upon to consider the application for amendment

of grounds in the application for setting aside the arbitral award

or the amendment in the grounds of appeal under Section 37 of

1996 Act.

26. It is true that, the Division Bench of Bombay High

Court in Vastu Invest and Holdings Pvt. Ltd.4 held that

independent ground of challenge to the arbitral award cannot

be entertained after the period of three months plus the grace

period of thirty days as provided in the proviso of sub-section

(3) of Section 34, but, in our view, by `an independent ground'

the Division Bench meant a ground amounting to a fresh

application for setting aside an arbitral award. The dictum in

the aforesaid decision was not intended to lay down an

absolute rule that in no case an amendment in the application

for setting aside the arbitral award can be made after expiry of

period of limitation provided therein. Insofar as Bijendra Nath

Srivastava8 is concerned, this Court did not agree with the view

of the High Court that the trial court did not act on any wrong

2 principle while allowing the amendments to the objections for

setting aside award under 1940 Act. This Court highlighted the

distinction between `material facts' and `material particulars'

and observed that amendments sought related to material facts

which could not have been allowed after expiry of limitation.

Having held so, this Court even then went into the merits of

objection introduced by way of amendment. In our view, a fine

distinction between what is permissible amendment and what

may be impermissible, in sound exercise of judicial discretion,

must be kept in mind. Every amendment in the application for

setting aside an arbitral award cannot be taken as fresh

application.

27. In the case of Dhartipakar Madan Lal Agarwal9 this

Court held that a new ground cannot be raised or inserted in an

election petition by way of an amendment after the expiry of the

period of limitation. It may not be proper to extend the

principles enunciated in Dhartipakar Madan Lal Agarwal9 in the

context of the provisions contained in Section 81 of the

Representation of the People Act, 1951 to an application

seeking amendment to the application under Section 34 for

2 setting aside an arbitral award or an appeal under Section 37 of

1996 Act for the reasons we have already indicated above.

28. The question then arises, whether in the facts and

circumstances of the present case, the High Court committed

any error in rejecting the appellant's application for addition of

new grounds in the memorandum of arbitration appeal. As

noticed above, in the application for setting aside the award,

appellant set up only five grounds viz., waiver, acquiescence,

delay, laches and res judicata. The grounds sought to be

added in the memorandum of arbitration appeal by way of

amendment are absolutely new grounds for which there is no

foundation in the application for setting aside the award.

Obviously, such new grounds containing new material/facts

could not have been introduced for the first time in an appeal

when admittedly these grounds were not originally raised in the

arbitration petition for setting aside the award. Moreover, no

prayer was made by the appellant for amendment in the

petition under Section 34 before the concerned court or at the

appellate stage. As a matter of fact, the learned Single Judge

in paragaraph 6 of the impugned order has observed that the

2 grounds of appeal which are now sought to be advanced were

not originally raised in the arbitration petition and that the

amendment that is sought to be effected is not even to the

grounds contained in the application under Section 34 but to

the memo of appeal. In the circumstances, it cannot be said

that discretion exercised by learned Single Judge in refusing to

grant leave to appellant to amend the memorandum of

arbitration appeal suffers from any illegality.

29. The result is, appeal has no force and is dismissed

with no order as to costs.

.........................

.........J. (R.V. Raveendran)

.....................................J (R. M. Lodha)

New Delhi April 1, 2010.

2