State Of Karnataka vs Chikkahottappa @ Varade Gowda & Ors

Chikkahottappa @ Varade Gowda & Ors. ...Respondents

JUDGMENT

Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.

1. Challenge in this appeal is to the judgment of a Division

Bench of the Karnataka High Court partially allowing the

appeal filed by the respondent who were convicted for offence

punishable under Sections 148,302 read with Section 149 of

the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short the `IPC'). By the

1 impugned judgment the High Court held that the respondents

were to be convicted under Section 148 and Section 326 read

with Section 149 IPC.

2. Background facts as projected by the prosecution in a

nutshell are as follows:

Eight persons faced trial for allegedly committing murder

of one Rajanna (hereinafter referred to as the `deceased') on

13.7.1992. It was also alleged that they committed offence

punishable under Sections 143, 147 & 148 IPC. First

Information Report (in short the `FIR') was lodged on

13.7.1992 at about 9.30 p.m.

It was alleged that in an incident that took place at

Bandihalli at about 7 p.m. on 13.7.1992, the eight accused

who were members of an unlawful assembly had assaulted the

deceased Rajappa with machus, sticks and a wooden reaper

and as a result of the injuries sustained by him, he died

shortly thereafter. The accused are all inter-related and there

2 was some rivalry between the two groups which is of a long

standing nature and that this was the real reason for the

incident. The mother of the deceased Ningamma (P.W.l) stated

that the accused persons had come to her house shortly

before the incident and some of them were armed with

machus and remaining persons had clubs and a wooden

reaper with them. They asked her as to where her son

Rajanna was. She informed the persons who had come there

that Rajanna had gone out and she bolted the door because

they were in an aggressive mood. According to her, they threw

stones on the house and once again enquired about Rajanna

and since she told them that he was not in the house, they left

the place stating that they would finish him. Shortly after this,

she went in the direction in which these persons have

proceeded and saw Rajanna approaching from the opposite

side. On seeing the accused persons, he tried to escape from

them but the accused caught hold of him and severely

assaulted him. Rajanna fell on the ground with several

injuries on his head and different parts of the body and the

lower limbs and that he was bleeding. The accused left the

3 place with the weapons stating that Rajanna was finished.

Attempt was made to take the injured person to the hospital

at Huliyurdurga in a car. Rajanna died on the way and

ultimately, the body was taken to the Police Station and from

there to the hospital. The complainant Ningamma (PW1)

lodged the complaint at 9.30 p.m. and this complaint which

has been treated as the F.I.R, was ultimately sent to the

J.M.F.C., Kunigal, which reached him at 7.30 am, the next

morning. Accused No.4-Lokesh had also sustained two

injuries of considerable seriousness on his left thigh and right

leg respectively and he came to be admitted to the hospital at

Huliyurdurga on the same evening at about 7.30 p.m. A-4

had lodged a complaint with the police to the effect that

deceased Rajanna and two other persons had assaulted him

near his house at about 5.30 p.m. on 13.7.1992 and that he

had sustained the injuries in the course of that incident.

Ultimately, the Police filed a report in respect of this

complaint. As far as the complaint lodged by Ningamma is

concerned, the Police registered an offence being Crime No.

92/1992 under Section 302 IPC read with Section 149 IPC

4 and after completion of the investigation, put up eight accused

for trial. The learned trial Judge found the eight accused

persons guilty of the offences punishable under Sections 302

read with 149 IPC and convicted all of them and sentenced

them to suffer R.I, for life under the main charge along with a

fine of Rs.5,000/- in default, to undergo further R.I. for a

period of one year. The accused were also convicted of offence

punishable under Section 148 IPC and imposed fine of

Rs.500/- in default, to undergo simple Imprisonment for three

months.

3. In appeal, the High Court found that A4 i.e. Lokesh was

not guilty but the rest of the accused persons were

responsible for the death of the deceased. But, however

altered the conviction as noted above. The High Court for the

purpose of altering the conviction noted as follows:

"On behalf of the appellants, it was pointed out to us that on the basis of the oral evidence, it has not been established as to which accused dealt which blow and the

5 number of blows that each of the accused had inflicted. Secondly, on a careful scrutiny of the medical evidence, we find that there is a serious lacunae is in so far as the doctor has not indicated as to which of them are not. Of the twenty injuries that were found on the person of deceased Rajanna, it is true that two of them are on the head, the majority of them are aimed at the lower part of the body and the limbs and consequently, having bestowed our very serious attention to the cumulative effect of this record. We find that it was incorrect on the part of the trial court to have invoked the provisions of Section 302 IPC. Having regard to the weapons used and the nature of injuries that have been inflicted, the accused would be liable to be convicted of the offence punishable under Section 326 read with 149 IPC."

4. In support of the appeal learned counsel for the

appellant submitted that the reasons indicated by the High

Court are palpably wrong and cannot be sustained. With

reference to the injuries sustained it was submitted that the

intention of the unlawful assembly is clear from the weapons

held by the assailants. The injuries inflicted on the

eyewitnesses i.e. Ningamma (PW1), Appaji (PW3), Sivappa

(PW6) clearly described the role of the accused persons in

surrounding and assailing the deceased. It is submitted that

6 the High Court has wrongly held that there were only two

injuries on the head and that the rest of the injuries on the

lower part of the body and limbs. It is not factually correct on

a bare reading of the injury report. In fact, there were three

injuries on the head. Additionally, the injuries 6 & 7 clearly

show the force with which the injuries were inflicted, and in

fact, injury No.7 shows that a hand was severed. The doctor's

evidence also shows that there were multiple fractures of base

of the occipital bone.

5. Learned counsel for the respondent on the other hand

shows that the acquittal of A4 because of non-explanation of

injuries on him shows the falsity of the prosecution case. It

was stated that the occurrence took place in the course of free

fight and therefore the High Court's judgment does not

warrant any interference. It was submitted High Court's

judgment shows that Section 149 IPC was ruled out.

6. The pivotal question is applicability of Section 149 IPC.

Said provision has its foundation on constructive liability

7 which is the sine qua non for its operation. The emphasis is

on the common object and not on common intention. Mere

presence in an unlawful assembly cannot render a person

liable unless there was a common object and he was actuated

by that common object and that object is one of those set out

in Section 141. Where common object of an unlawful

assembly is not proved, the accused persons cannot be

convicted with the help of Section 149. The crucial question to

determine is whether the assembly consisted of five or more

persons and whether the said persons entertained one or

more of the common objects, as specified in Section 141. It

cannot be laid down as a general proposition of law that

unless an overt act is proved against a person, who is alleged

to be a member of unlawful assembly, it cannot be said that

he is a member of such an assembly. The only thing required

is that he should have understood that the assembly was

unlawful and was likely to commit any of the acts which fall

within the purview of Section 141. The word `object' means the

purpose or design and, in order to make it `common', it must

be shared by all. In other words, the object should be

8 common to the persons, who compose the assembly, that is to

say, they should all be aware of it and concur in it. A common

object may be formed by express agreement after mutual

consultation, but that is by no means necessary. It may be

formed at any stage by all or a few members of the assembly

and the other members may just join and adopt it. Once

formed, it need not continue to be the same. It may be

modified or altered or abandoned at any stage. The expression

`in prosecution of common object' as appearing in Section 149

have to be strictly construed as equivalent to `in order to

attain the common object'. It must be immediately connected

with the common object by virtue of the nature of the object.

There must be community of object and the object may exist

only up to a particular stage, and not thereafter. Members of

an unlawful assembly may have community of object up to

certain point beyond which they may differ in their objects

and the knowledge, possessed by each member of what is

likely to be committed in prosecution of their common object

may vary not only according to the information at his

command, but also according to the extent to which he shares

9 the community of object, and as a consequence of this the

effect of Section 149, IPC may be different on different

members of the same assembly.

7. `Common object' is different from a `common intention'

as it does not require a prior concert and a common meeting

of minds before the attack. It is enough if each has the same

object in view and their number is five or more and that they

act as an assembly to achieve that object. The `common

object' of an assembly is to be ascertained from the acts and

language of the members composing it, and from a

consideration of all the surrounding circumstances. It may be

gathered from the course of conduct adopted by the members

of the assembly. What the common object of the unlawful

assembly is at a particular stage of the incident is essentially

a question of fact to be determined, keeping in view the nature

of the assembly, the arms carried by the members, and the

behaviour of the members at or near the scene of the incident.

It is not necessary under law that in all cases of unlawful

assembly, with an unlawful common object, the same must be

translated into action or be successful. Under the Explanation

10 to Section 141, an assembly which was not unlawful when it

was assembled, may subsequently become unlawful. It is not

necessary that the intention or the purpose, which is

necessary to render an assembly an unlawful one comes into

existence at the outset. The time of forming an unlawful intent

is not material. An assembly which, at its commencement or

even for some time thereafter, is lawful, may subsequently

become unlawful. In other words it can develop during the

course of incident at the spot eo instante.

8. Section 149, IPC consists of two parts. The first part of

the section means that the offence to be committed in

prosecution of the common object must be one which is

committed with a view to accomplish the common object. In

order that the offence may fall within the first part, the offence

must be connected immediately with the common object of the

unlawful assembly of which the accused was member. Even if

the offence committed is not in direct prosecution of the

common object of the assembly, it may yet fall under Section

141, if it can be held that the offence was such as the

11 members knew was likely to be committed and this is what is

required in the second part of the section. The purpose for

which the members of the assembly set out or desired to

achieve is the object. If the object desired by all the members

is the same, the knowledge that is the object which is being

pursued is shared by all the members and they are in general

agreement as to how it is to be achieved and that is now the

common object of the assembly. An object is entertained in

the human mind, and it being merely a mental attitude, no

direct evidence can be available and, like intention, has

generally to be gathered from the act which the person

commits and the result therefrom. Though no hard and fast

rule can be laid down under the circumstances from which

the common object can be culled out, it may reasonably be

collected from the nature of the assembly, arms it carries and

behaviour at the time of or before or after the occurrence. The

word `knew' used in the second limb of the section implies

something more than a possibility and it cannot be made to

bear the sense of `might have been known'. Positive knowledge

is necessary. When an offence is committed in prosecution of

12 the common object, it would generally be an offence which the

members of the unlawful assembly knew was likely to be

committed in prosecution of the common object. That,

however, does not make the converse proposition true; there

may be cases which would come within the second part but

not within the first part. The distinction between the two parts

of Section 149 cannot be ignored or obliterated. In every case

it would be an issue to be determined, whether the offence

committed falls within the first part or it was an offence such

as the members of the assembly knew to be likely to be

committed in prosecution of the common object and falls

within the second part. However, there may be cases which

would be within the first part but offences committed in

prosecution of the common object would also be generally, if

not always, be within the second part, namely, offences which

the parties knew to be likely to be committed in the

prosecution of the common object. (See Chikkarange Gowda

and others v. State of Mysore AIR 1956 SC 731). These

aspects were also recently highlighted in Chandra & Ors. v.

State of U.P. and Anr. [2004 (5) SCC 141].

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9. The injuries which were inflicted by the accused persons

on the deceased as noted by the High Court are as follows:

l. One contusion 4" X 4" on occipital region of head.

2. Deep incised wound 2" X 1" x 2" right side of the partial region of head.

3. Incised wound 6 X 3" X 1" on the left side of the fore

head. Bone exposed on both bounds. Blood stains seen

on all the wounds.

4. Contusion 3"x4" on right shoulder joint.

5. Deep incised wound 5"-X 2" x1" on middle 1/3rd of

right arm humerous exposed.

6. Incised wound 4"x3" x2" on right axilla in horizontal

direction, pleura and lung exposed.

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7. Deep incised cut injury on right wrist joint. Right

hand detached from the body at the level of wrist joint,

only skin flap is connecting, all the bones are exposed.

8. Deep incised wound 2" X 2" on dorsum of the left hand

bones exposed wound is in horizontal direction.

9. Incised wound 2" x 1" x 1" on left elbow joint, horizontal

direction, bones exposed, Radial artery and small blood

vessels cut open.

10. Deep incised wound upper 1/3rd of the left fore arm

2"x2"1 just below the elbow joint, bones exposed.

11. Deep incised wound 4" x 3" x 2" on middle, 1/3rd and

the left thigh, shaft of left femur exposed and blood vessels

cut open. Wound is in a horizontal direction.

12. Deep incised wound 3" x 2" x 1" on the left knee joint,

pattellar tendon are cut and bone exposed. Horizontal

direction femeral artery and sophanus vain cut open.

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13. Deep incised wound 3" x 2" x 2" right knee joint,

pattella bone exposed 2" x 2" x 2" blood vesels are cut

open, horizontal direction.

14. Deep incised wound 6" x 3" just below the left knee

joint. Head of the tibia exposed. Blood vessels cut open,

horizontal direction.

15. Incised wound 3" x 2" x 3" on lateral aspect of right

thigh, shaft of femur exposed, blood vessels cut open,

horizontal in direction, blood clots seen on the wounds.

16. Deep incised wound 6" x 4" x 5" middle 1/3rd of right

leg, tibia and febul also cut superficially, horizontal in

direction, femoral ortery sophenus vain cut open.

17. Left ankle joint and tendo achulus tender also cut

into pieces.

18. Deep incised wound 3"x2"x1" on the left popleteal

fosa, all the blood vessels cut open, horizontal in direction.

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19. Incised wound 6"x4" on right leg on the medial

aspect, all the muscles and blood vessels cut open,

horizontal in direction.

20. Incised wound 2"x 2" x1" on dorsum of right foot,

horizontal in direction.

10. As noted above, there were three injuries on the head

and injury No.6 was of such nature that the plura and lung

were exposed. Injury No.7 was a deep incised cut injury on

right wrist joint. Right hand was detached from the body at

the level of wrist joint. Further, rest of the injuries were not

on the lower parts of the body as noted by the High Court. In

fact the injury No.4 was an injury on the right shoulder joint

and injury No.5 was a deep incised wound 5"x 2"x 1", on

middle 1/3rd of right arm humerous exposed.

11. Most of the injuries were deep incised wounds of varying

sizes. Additionally, as noted above, the multiple fractures on

the base of the occipital bone was noticed. The intention of

17 the assailants as established by the evidence of the witnesses

was the cause of death of the deceased and not to cause

grievous injury.

12. Above being the position the High Court's judgment is

clearly unsustainable and is set aside. The respondents are

convicted for offence punishable under Section 302 read with

Section 149 IPC instead of Section 326 read with Section 149

IPC as held by the High Court. The sentences imposed by the

Trial Court stand restored. Respondents shall surrender to

custody forthwith to serve remainder of sentences.

13. Appeal is allowed.

.................................J. (DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT)

.................................J. (P. SATHASIVAM)

.................................J. (AFTAB ALAM)

18 New Delhi:

May 16, 2008

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