Sri Indra Das vs State Of Assam

SRI INDRA DAS .. Appellant (s)

VERSUS

STATE OF ASSAM .. Respondent(s)

J U D G M E N T

MARKANDEY KATJU, J.

1. Heard learned counsel for the appellant. Service of Notice of

Lodgment of petition of Appeal is complete, but no one has entered

appearance on behalf of the sole respondent-State.

2. The facts of the case are similar to the facts in Arup Bhuyan

vs. State of Assam Criminal Appeal No.889 of 2007, which we

allowed on 3.2.2011.

3. As in the case of Arup Bhuyan (supra), the only evidence

against the appellant in this case is his alleged confession made to a

police officer, for which he was charged under the Terrorist and

Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987 (in short `TADA').

4. The facts of the case are that one Anil Kumar Das went missing

from the evening of 6.11.1991, and his dead body was recovered

after two months on 19.1.1992 from the river Dishang. Five persons

including the appellant were charged for his death. The appellant

was not named in the FIR. No prosecution witness has attributed any

role to the appellant. The charge sheet in the case was filed after a

gap of nine years from the date of the commission of the offence, and

charges were framed more than four years after filing of the charge

sheet. There is no evidence against the appellant except the

confessional statement.

5. The alleged confession was subsequently retracted by the

appellant. The alleged confession was not corroborated by any other

material. We have held in Arup Bhuyan's case (supra) that

confession is a very weak type of evidence, particularly when alleged

to have been made to the police, and it is not safe to convict on its

basis unless there is adequate corroborative material. In the present

case there is no corroborative material.

6. However, the appellant has been convicted under Section 3(5)

of TADA which makes mere membership of a banned organization a

criminal act, and sentenced to five years rigorous imprisonment and

Rs.2000/- fine.

7. In Arup Bhuyan's case (supra) we have stated that mere

membership of a banned organization cannot incriminate a person

unless he is proved to have resorted to acts of violence or incited

people to imminent violence, or does an act intended to create

disorder or disturbance of public peace by resort to imminent

violence. In the present case, even assuming that the appellant was

a member of ULFA which is a banned organization, there is no

evidence to show that he did acts of the nature above mentioned.

Thus, even if he was a member of ULFA it has not been proved that

he was an active member and not merely a passive member. Hence

the decision in Arup Bhuyan's case (supra) squarely applies in this

case.

8. In our judgment in State of Kerala vs. Raneef 2011(1) Scale

8 we had referred to the judgment of the U.S. Supreme Court in

Elfbrandt vs. Russell 384 US 17(1966) which rejected the doctrine

of `guilt by association'.

9. In Elfbrandt's case (supra) Mr. Justice Douglas, speaking for

the Court observed :

"Those who join an organization but do not

share its unlawful purposes and who do not

participate in its unlawful activities surely pose no

threat. This Act threatens the cherished freedom of

association protected by the First Amendment,

made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth

Amendment. .........A law which applies to

membership without the `specific intent' to further

the illegal aims of the organization infringes

unnecessarily on protected freedoms. It rests on

the doctrine of `guilt by association' which has no

place here."

10. The decision relied on its earlier judgments in Schneiderman

vs. U.S. 320 US 118(136) and Schware vs. Board of Bar

Examiners 353 US 232(246). The judgment in Elfbrandt's case

(supra) also referred to the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in

Scales vs. U.S. 367 US 203 (229) which made a distinction

between an active and a passive member of an organization.

11. In Scales case (supra) Mr. Justice Harlan of the U.S. Supreme

Court observed :

"The clause (in the McCarran Act, 1950) does

not make criminal all associations with an

organization which has been shown to engage in

illegal advocacy. There must be clear proof that a

defendant `specifically intends to accomplish the

aims of the organization by resort to violence'. A

person may be foolish, deluded, or perhaps merely

optimistic, but he is not by this statute made a

criminal."

(emphasis supplied)

12. Elfbrandt's case (supra) also relied on the U.S. Supreme Court

decisions in Apthekar vs. Secretary of State 378 US 500, Baggett

vs. Billit 377 US 360, Cramp vs. Board of Public Instructions 368

US 278, Gibson vs. Florida 372 US 539, etc.

13. In Noto vs. U.S. 367 US 290(297-298) Mr. Justice Harlan of

the U.S. Supreme Court observed :

".........The mere teaching of Communist

theory, including the teaching of the moral propriety

or even moral necessity for a resort to force and

violence, is not the same as preparing a group for

violent action and steeling it to such action. There

must be some substantial direct or circumstantial

evidence of a call to violence now or in the future

which is both sufficiently strong and sufficiently

pervasive to lend colour to the otherwise ambiguous

theoretical material regarding Communist Party

teaching."

14. In Noto's case (supra) Mr. Justice Hugo Black in a concurring

judgment wrote :

"In 1799, the English Parliament passed a law

outlawing certain named societies on the ground

that they were engaged in `a traitorous Conspiracy

........... in conjunction with the Persons from Time

to Time exercising the Powers of Government in

France .......' One of the many strong arguments

made by those who opposed the enactment of this

law was stated by a member of that body, Mr.

Tierney :

`The remedy proposed goes to the putting an

end to all these societies together. I object to the

system, of which this is only a branch; for the Right

Hon. gentleman has told us he intends to propose

laws from time to time upon this subject, as cases

may arise to require them. I say these attempts

lead to consequences of the most horrible kind. I

see that government are acting thus. Those whom

they cannot prove to be guilty, they will punish for

their suspicion. To support this system, we must

have a swarm of spies and informers. They are the

very pillars of such a system of government.'

The decision in this case, in my judgment,

dramatically illustrates the continuing vitality of this

observation.

The conviction of the petitioner here is being

reversed because the Government has failed to

produce evidence the Court believes sufficient to

prove that the Communist Party presently

advocates the overthrow of the Government by

force."

(emphasis supplied)

15. In Communist Party vs. Subversive Activities Control

Board, 367 US 1 (1961) Mr. Justice Hugo Black in his dissenting

judgment observed :

"The first banning of an association because it

advocates hated ideas - whether that association

be called a political party or not -- marks a fateful

moment in the history of a free country. That

moment seems to have arrived for this country......

This whole Act, with its pains and penalties,

embarks this country, for the first time, on the

dangerous adventure of outlawing groups that

preach doctrines nearly all Americans detest. When

the practice of outlawing parties and various public

groups begins, no one can say where it will end. In

most countries such a practice once begun ends

with a one party government."

16. In Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee vs. McGrath, 341

US 123, 174 (1951) Mr. Justice Douglas in his concurring judgment

observed :

"In days of great tension when feelings run

high, it is a temptation to take short cuts by

borrowing from the totalitarian techniques of our

opponents. But when we do, we set in motion a

subversive influence of our own design that

destroys us from within."

(emphasis supplied)

17. In Keyishian vs. Board of Regents of the University of the

State of New York, 385 US 589, 606 (1967) the U.S. Supreme Court

struck down a law which authorized the board of regents to prepare a

list of subversive organizations and to deny jobs to teachers

belonging to those organizations. The law made membership in the

Communist Party prima facie evidence for disqualification from

employment. Mr. Justice Brennan, speaking for the Court held that

the law was too sweeping, penalizing "mere knowing membership

without a specific intent to further the unlawful aims."

18. In Yates vs. U.S., 354 US 298 (1957), Mr. Justice Harlan of

the U.S. Supreme Court observed :

"In failing to distinguish between advocacy of

forcible overthrow as an abstract doctrine and

advocacy of action to that end, the District Court

appears to have been led astray by the holding in

Dennis that advocacy of violent action to be taken at

some future time was enough. The District Court

apparently thought that Dennis obliterated the

traditional dividing line between advocacy of

abstract doctrine and advocacy of action."

19. In Brandenburg vs. Ohio, 395 US 444(1969), which we have

referred to in our judgment, the U.S. Supreme Court by a unanimous

decision reversed its earlier decision in Whitney vs. California, 274

US 357 (1927) and observed :

"The Constitutional guarantees of free speech

and free press do not permit a State to forbid or

proscribe advocacy of the use of force or of law

violation except where such advocacy is directed to

inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is

likely to incite or produce such action."

20. In Whitney vs. California (supra) Mr. Justice Brandeis, the

celebrated Judge of the U.S. Supreme Court in his concurring

judgment (which really reads like a dissent) observed :

"Fear of serious injury cannot alone justify

suppression of free speech and assembly. Men

feared witches and burned women. It is the function

of free speech to free men from the bondage of

irrational fears. To justify suppression of free

speech there must be reasonable ground to fear

that serious evil will result if free speech is

practiced. There must be reasonable ground to

believe that the danger apprehended is imminent...

..... The wide difference between advocacy and

incitement, between preparation and attempt,

between assembling and conspiracy, must be borne

in mind."

(emphasis supplied)

21. Mr. Justice Brandeis in the same judgment went on to observe :

"Those who won our independence by

revolution were not cowards. They did not fear

political change. They did not exalt order at the cost

of liberty. To courageous, self-reliant men, with

confidence in the power of free and fearless

reasoning applied through the processes of popular

government, no danger flowing from speech can be

deemed clear and present, unless the incidence of

the evil apprehended is so imminent that it may

befall before there is opportunity for full discussion.

If there be time to expose through discussion the

falsehood and fallacies, to avert the evil by the

process of education, the remedy to be applied is

more speech, not enforced silence."

22. In Gitlow vs. New York, 268 US 652 (1925) Mr. Justice

Holmes of the U.S. Supreme Court (with whom Justice Brandeis

joined) in his dissenting judgment observed :

..........."If what I think the correct test is

applied, it is manifest that there was no present

danger of an attempt to overthrow the government

by force on the part of the admittedly small minority

who shared the defendant's views. It is said that

this Manifesto was more than a theory, that it was

an incitement. Every idea is an incitement. It offers

itself for belief, and, if believed, it is acted on unless

some other belief outweighs it, or some failure of

energy stifles the movement at its birth. The only

difference between the expression of an opinion

and an incitement in the narrower sense is the

speaker's enthusiasm for the result. Eloquence my

set fire to reason. But whatever may be thought of

the redundant discourse before us, it had no chance

of starting a present conflagration. If, in the long

run, the beliefs expressed in proletarian dictatorship

are destined to be accepted by the dominant forces

of the community, the only meaning of free speech

is that they should be given their chance and have

their way.

If the publication of this document had been

laid as an attempt to induce an uprising against

government at once, and not at some indefinite time

in the future, it would have presented a different

question. The object would have been one with

which the law might deal, subject to the doubt

whether there was any danger that the publication

could produce any result; or, in other words,

whether it was not futile and too remote from

possible consequences. But the indictment alleges

the publication and nothing more."

23. In Terminiello vs. Chicago, 337 US 1 (1949) Mr. Justice

Douglas of the U.S. Supreme Court speaking for the majority

observed :

"....[A] function of free speech under our system of

government is to invite dispute. It may indeed best

serve its high purpose when it induces a condition

of unrest, creates dissatisfaction with conditions as

they are, or even stirs people to anger. Speech is

often provocative and challenging. It may strike at

prejudices and preconceptions and have profound

unsettling effects as it presses for acceptance of an

idea. That is why freedom of speech, though not

absolute,...is nevertheless protected against

censorship or punishment, unless shown likely to

produce a clear and present danger of a serious

substantive evil that rises far above public

inconvenience, annoyance or unrest....There is no

room under our Constitution for a more restrictive

view. For the alternative would lead to

standardization of ideas either by legislatures,

courts, or dominant political or community groups."

24. In DeJonge vs. Oregon, 299 US 353 (1937) Chief Justice

Hughes of the U.S. Supreme Court wrote that the State could not

punish a person making a lawful speech simply because the speech

was sponsored by a subversive organization.

25. In Abrams vs. U.S., 250 US 616 (1919) Mr. Justice Holmes of

the U.S. Supreme Court in his dissenting judgment wrote :

"Persecution for the expression of opinions

seems to me perfectly logical. If you have no doubt

of your premises or your power and want a certain

result with all your heart you naturally express your

wishes in law and sweep away all opposition. To

allow opposition by speech seems to indicate that

you think the speech impotent, as when a man says

that he has squared the circle, or that you do not

care whole-heartedly for the result, or that you

doubt either your power or your premises. But

when men have realized that time has upset many

fighting faiths, they may come to believe even more

then they believe the very foundations of their own

conduct that the ultimate good desired is better

reached by free trade in ideas, -- that the best test

of truth is the power of the thought to get itself

accepted in the competition of the market; and that

truth is the only ground upon which their wishes

safely can be carried out. That, at any rate, is the

theory of our Constitution. It is an experiment, as all

life is an experiment. Every year, if not every day,

we have to wager our salvation upon some

prophecy based upon imperfect knowledge. While

that experiment is part of our system I think that we

should be eternally vigilant against attempts to

check the expression of opinions that we loathe and

believe to be fraught with death, unless they so

imminently threaten immediate interference with the

lawful and pressing purposes of the law that an

immediate check is required to save the country. I

wholly disagree with the argument of the

government that the 1st Amendment left the

common law as to seditious libel in force. History

seems to me against the notion."

(emphasis supplied)

26. It has been submitted by the learned counsel for the

Government before the TADA Court that under many laws mere

membership of an organization is illegal e.g. Section 3(5) of Terrorists

and Disruptive Activities, 1989, Section 10 of the Unlawful Activities

(Prevention ) Act 1967, etc. In our opinion these statutory provisions

cannot be read in isolation, but have to be read in consonance with

the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by our Constitution.

27. The Constitution is the highest law of the land and no statute

can violate it. If there is a statute which appears to violate it we can

either declare it unconstitutional or we can read it down to make it

constitutional. The first attempt of the Court should be try to sustain

the validity of the statute by reading it down. This aspect has been

discussed in great detail by this Court in Government of Andhra

Pradesh vs. P. Laxmi Devi 2008(4) SCC 720.

28. In this connection, we may refer to the Constitution Bench

decision in Kedar Nath Singh vs. State of Bihar AIR 1962 SC 955

where the Supreme Court was dealing with the challenge made to the

Constitutional validity of Section 124A IPC (the law against sedition).

29. In Kedar Nath Singh's case this Court observed(vide para 26):

............."If, on the other hand, we were to hold that

even without any tendency to disorder or intention

to create disturbance of law and order, by the use of

words written or spoken which merely create

disaffection or feelings of enmity against the

Government, the offence of sedition is complete,

then such an interpretation of the sections would

make them unconstitutional in view of Article

19(1)(a) read with clause (2). It is well settled that if

certain provisions of law construed in one way

would make them consistent with the Constitution,

and another interpretation would render them

unconstitutional, the Court would lean in favour of

the former construction. The provisions of the

sections read as a whole, along with the

explanations, make it reasonably clear that the

sections aim at rendering penal only such activities

as would be intended, or have a tendency, to create

disorder or disturbance of public peace by resort to

violence."................

30. Section 124A which was enacted in 1870 was subsequently

amended on several occasions. This Court observed in Kedar

Nath's case (supra) observed that now that we have a Constitution

having Fundamental Rights all statutory provisions including Section

124A IPC have to be read in a manner so as to make them in

conformity with the Fundamental Rights. Although according to the

literal rule of interpretation we have to go by the plain and simple

language of a provision while construing it, we may have to depart

from the plain meaning if such plain meaning makes the provision

unconstitutional.

31. Similarly, we are of the opinion that the provisions in various

statutes i.e. 3 (5) of TADA or Section 10 of the Unlawful Activities

(Prevention) which on their plain language make mere membership of

a banned organization criminal have to be read down and we have to

depart from the literal rule of interpretation in such cases, otherwise

these provisions will become unconstitutional as violative of Articles

19 and 21 of the Constitution. It is true that ordinarily we should

follow the literal rule of interpretation while construing a statutory

provision, but if the literal interpretation makes the provision

unconstitutional we can depart from it so that the provision becomes

constitutional.

32. As observed by this Court in Government of Andhra Pradesh

vs. P. Laxmi Devi (supra) every effort should be made by the Court

to try to uphold the validity of the statute, as invalidating a statute is a

grave step. Hence we may sometimes have to read down a statute in

order to make it constitutional.

33. This principle was examined in some detail by the Federal

Court in In re Hindu Women's Right to Property Act, AIR 1941 F.C 12

in considering the validity of the Hindu Women's Right to Property

Act, 1937. The Act, which was passed by the Council of State after

commencement of Part III of the Government of India Act, 1935,

when the subject of devolution of agricultural land had been

committed exclusively to Provincial Legislatures, dealt in quite

general terms with the `Property' or `separate property' of a Hindu

dying intestate or his `interest in joint family property'. A question,

therefore, arose whether the Act was ultra vires of the powers of the

Central Legislature. The Federal Court held the Act intra vires by

construing the word `property' as meaning `property other than

agricultural land'. In the aforesaid decision Gwyer, CJ. observed : "If

that word (property) necessarily and inevitably comprises all forms of

property, including agricultural land, then clearly the Act went beyond

the powers of the Legislature; but when a Legislature with limited and

restricted powers makes use of a word of such wide and general

import, the presumption must surely be that it is using it with

reference to that kind of property with respect to which it is competent

to legislate and to no other." The learned Chief Justice further

observed: "There is a general presumption that a Legislature does

not intend to exceed its jurisdiction, and there is ample authority for

the proposition that general words in a statute are to be construed

with reference to the powers of the Legislature with enacts it."

34. The rule was applied by the Supreme Court in Kedar Nath

Singh vs. State of Bihar (we have already referred to this decision

earlier) in its construction of Section 124A of the IPC. The Section

which relates to the offence of sedition makes a person punishable

who `by words, either spoken or written or by sign or visible

representations, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred

or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards the

Government established by law'. The Section, as construed by the

Privy Council in Bal Gangadhar Tilak vs. Queen Empress ILR 22

Bom 528 (PC); Annie Besant vs. A-G of Madras AIR 1919 PC 31;

and Emperor vs. Sadasiv Narain AIR 1947 PC 84; did not make it

essential for an activity to come within its mischief that the same

should involve intention or tendency to create disorder, or disturbance

of law and order or incitement to violence. The Federal Court in

Niharendra Dutta vs. Emperor AIR 1942 FC 22 had, however,

taken a different view. In the Supreme Court when the question

came up as to the Constitutional validity of the Section, the Court

differing from the Privy Council adopted the construction placed by

the Federal Court and held that on a correct construction, the

provisions of the Section are limited in their application "to acts

involving intention or tendency to create disorder or disturbance of

law and order or incitement to violence; and one of the reasons for

adopting this construction was to avoid the result of

unconstitutionality in view of Articles 19(1)(a) and 19(2) of the

Constitution.

35. In Sunil Batra vs. Delhi Administration AIR 1978 SC 1675

the Supreme Court upheld the validity of Section 30(2) of the Prisons

Act, 1894, which provides for solitary confinement of a prisoner under

sentence of death in a cell and Section 56 of the same Act, which

provides for the confinement of a prisoner in irons for his safe

custody, by construing them narrowly so as to avoid their being

declared invalid on the ground that they were violative of the rights

guaranteed under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution.

36. In New India Sugar Mills vs. Commissioner of Sales Tax

AIR 1963 SC 1207, a wide definition of the word `sale' in the Bihar

Sales Tax Act, 1947, was restricted by construction to exclude

transactions, in which property was transferred from one person to

another without any previous contract of sale since a wider

construction would have resulted in attributing to the Bihar Legislature

an intention to legislate beyond its competence.

37. In Section 6(a) of the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act,

1956 which provides that the natural guardian of a minor's person or

property will be `the father and after him, the mother', the words `after

him' were construed not to mean `only after the lifetime of the father'

but to mean `in the absence of', as the former construction would

have made the section unconstitutional being violative of the

constitutional provision against sex discrimination vide Githa

Hariharan vs. Reserve Bank of India AIR 1999 SC 1149.

38. In Govindlalji vs. State of Rajasthan AIR 1963 SC 1638,

where a question arose as to the Constitutional validity of the

Rajasthan Nathdwara Temple Act (13 of 1959), the words'affairs of

the temple' occurring in Section 16 of the said Act were construed as

restricted to secular affairs as on a wider construction the Section

would have violated Articles 25 and 26 of the Constitution.

39. This Court in R.L. Arora vs. State of U.P. AIR 1964 SC 1230

applied the same principle in construing Section 40(1), clause (aa) of

the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, as amended by Act 31 of 1962 so as

to confine its application to such `building or work' which will subserve

the public purpose of the industry or work in which the company, for

which acquisition is made, is engaged. A wider and a literal

construction of the clause would have brought it in conflict with Article

31(2) of the Constitution and would have rendered it unconstitutional.

40. In Indian Oil Corporation vs. Municipal Corporation AIR

1993 SC 844 Section 123 of the Punjab Municipal Corporation Act,

1976 which empowered the Corporation to levy octroi on articles and

animals `imported into the city' was read down to mean articles and

animals `imported into the municipal limits for purposes of

consumption, use or sale' only, as a wide construction would have

made the provision unconstitutional being in excess of the power of

the State Legislature conferred by Entry 52 of List II of Schedule VII

of the Constitution.

41. A further illustration, where general words were read down to

keep the legislation within permissible constitutional limits, is

furnished in the construction of Section 5 of the Lotteries (Regulation)

Act, 1998 which reads: `A State Government may, within the State

prohibit the sale of tickets of a lottery organized conducted or

promoted by every other State'. To avoid the vice of discrimination

and excessive delegation, the Section was construed to mean that a

State can only ban lotteries of other States, when it decides as a

policy to ban its own lotteries, or in other words, when it decides to

make the State a lottery free zone vide BR Enterprises vs. State of

U.P. AIR 1999 SC 1867.

42. It may be mentioned that there were Constitutions in our

country even under British Rule e.g. the Government of India Act,

1935, and the earlier Government of India Acts. These Constitutions,

however, did not have fundamental right guaranteed to the people. In

sharp contrast to these is the Constitution of 1950 which has

fundamental rights in Part III. These fundamental rights are largely

on the pattern of the Bill of Rights to the U.S. Constitution.

43. Had there been no Constitution having Fundamental Rights in it

then of course a plain and literal meaning could be given to Section 3

(5) of TADA or Section 10 of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act.

But since there is a Constitution in our country providing for

democracy and Fundamental Rights we cannot give these statutory

provisions such a meaning as that would make them unconstitutional.

44. In State of of Maharashtra & Ors. Vs. Bhaurao Punjabrao

Gawande, (2008) 3 SCC 613 (para 23) this Court observed :

"...Personal liberty is a precious right. So did the Founding

Fathers believe because, while their first object was to

give unto the people a Constitution whereby a

government was established, their second object, equally

important, was to protect the people against the

government. That is why, while conferring extensive

powers on the government like the power to declare an

emergency, the power to suspend the enforcement of

fundamental rights or the the power to issue ordinances,

they assured to the people a Bill of Rights by Part III of the

Constitution, protecting against executive and legislative

despotism those human rights which they regarded as

fundamental. The imperative necessity to protect these

rights is a lesson taught by all history and all human

experience. Our Constitution makers had lived through

bitter years and seen an alien Government trample upon

human rights which the country had fought hard to

preserve. They believed like Jefferson that "an elective

despotism was not the Government we fought for". And,

therefore, while arming the Government with large powers

to prevent anarchy from within and conquest from without,

they took care to ensure that those powers were not

abused to mutilate the liberties of the people. (vide A.K.

Roy Vs. Union of India (1982) 1 SCC 271, and Attorney

General for India Vs. Amratlal Prajivandas, (1994) 5

SCC 54." [emphasis supplied]

In M. Nagaraj & Ors. Vs. Union of India &Ors. (2006) 8

SCC 212, (para 20) this Court observed :

"It is a fallacy to regard fundamental rights as a gift from

the State to its citizens. Individuals possess basic human

rights independently of any Constitution by reason of the

basic fact that they are members of the human race."

In I.R. Coelho (dead) By LRs. Vs. State of T.N., (2007)

2 SCC 1 (vide paragraphs 109 and 49), this Court observed :

"It is necessary to always bear in mind that fundamental

rights have been considered to be heart and soul of the

Constitution.....Fundamental rights occupy a unique place

in the lives of civilized societies and have been described

in judgments as "transcendental", "inalienable", and

primordial".

45. The appeal is consequently allowed and the impugned

judgment is set aside.

.........................................J.

(MARKANDEY KATJU)

...........................................J.

(GYAN SUDHA MISRA)

NEW DELHI;

FEBRUARY 10, 2011.