Sr. Anthony @ Anthony Swamy vs Managing Director Ksrtc

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO(s). 2551 OF 2020 (arising out of SLP (Civil) No(s). 1738 of 2018)

SRI ANTHONY alias ANTHONY SWAMY ...APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS THE MANAGING DIRECTOR, K.S.R.T.C. ...RESPONDENT(S)

JUDGMENT

NAVIN SINHA, J.

Leave granted.

2. The appellant is in appeal aggrieved by the order of the High

Court, claiming inadequacy of compensation granted to him in a

motor accident case.

3. The appellant was travelling in a bus of the respondent

Corporation and met with an accident on 19.02.2010, due to rash

and negligent driving of the bus driver who hit a lorry from behind.

As a consequence of the injuries suffered, the left leg of the Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by SUSHMA KUMARI BAJAJ Date: 2020.06.10 17:00:42 IST

appellant had to be amputated. The Tribunal awarded a Reason:

compensation of Rs.4,08,850/­. The High Court in appeal enhanced 1 the same to Rs.5,10,350/­. The appeal preferred by the respondent

Corporation was dismissed.

4. Shri Ashwin Kotemath, learned counsel for the appellant

submitted that the compensation enhanced by the High Court is

niggardly and grossly inadequate considering the nature of injuries

suffered. The appellant was a painter by vocation. He had a daily

income of Rs.300/­ cumulated at Rs.9,000/­ per month, supported

by the evidence of his employer PW.2, which has been wrongly

rejected. The permanent disability of the appellant contrary to the

evidence of PW.3, Dr. S. Ramachandra the treating Doctor, has been

wrongly fixed at 25% of the whole body without any reasoning to

support the same, in the nature of the injury, suffering, future

medical treatment and loss of future income caused to the

appellant.

5. Shri S.N. Bhat, learned counsel for the respondent, submitted

that the High Court has reasonably enhanced the compensation

and it calls for no interference. The appellant had failed to

substantiate the claimed income with substantive evidence. The

2 extent of disability suffered has been adequately assessed. The

evidence of the employer and the treating doctor have all been

considered adequately.

6. We have considered the submissions on behalf of the parties.

The appellant was initially taken to the government hospital on the

date of the accident but was shifted to a private hospital on

25.02.2010 where he remained as an inpatient till 16.09.2010 and

also underwent surgery requiring amputation of his left leg from

above the knee. PW.3, the treating doctor, deposed that the

appellant had suffered Type III ‘B’ commuted fracture of Tibia and

Fibula of the left leg with an active infection of Chronic

Osteomyelitis emanating foul smell which prevented him from

mixing and socialising in public. There was no alternative to

amputation and fixation of an artificial leg. The physical disability

suffered by the appellant of the left lower limb was assessed at 75%

which was about 37.5% of the whole body. PW.3 further opined that

the appellant had suffered shortening of the left lower limb by 3

cms. He could not stand independently or walk without aid of a

walker or attendant. The appellant cannot sit cross legged, squat or

3 use an Indian toilet. He could not climb up and down a staircase.

The appellant was incapable of any manual work including painting.

The appellant who was 45 years of age, considering average life

expectancy of 65 years would require at least three further

replacements of the artificial limb in his lifetime, the cost of which

was assessed at approximately between Rs.75,000 to Rs.1,50,000/­.

7. The High Court enhanced the monthly income of the appellant

to Rs.5,500/­. He has been awarded a sum of Rs.1,00,000/­

towards pain and suffering and Rs.7,350/­ towards medical

expenses along with Rs.21,000/­ for attendant charges. The loss of

earnings during the period of treatment has been enhanced by the

High Court to Rs.66,000/­. Conveyance charges have been paid at

Rs.10,000/­. We find no reason to interfere to the aforesaid extent.

8. The physical disability of the appellant without any reasoning

has been assessed at 25% of the whole body with which we are

unable to concur. The compensation granted towards loss of future

earning on account of disability at Rs.2,31,000/­ is considered

grossly inadequate in the facts and circumstances of the case, as

4 also the compensation of Rs.50,000/­ towards future medical

expenses and only Rs.25,000/­ towards loss of amenities.

9. PW.3 had assessed the physical functional disability of the left

leg of the appellant at 75% and total body disability at 37.5%. The

High Court has considered it proper to assess the physical disability

at 25% of the whole body only. There is no discussion for this

reduction in percentage, much less any consideration of the nature

of permanent functional disability suffered by the appellant. The

extent of physical functional disability, in the facts of the case has

to be considered in a manner so as to grant just and proper

compensation to the appellant towards loss of future earning. The

earning capacity of the appellant as on the date of the accident

stands completely negated and not reduced. He has been rendered

permanently incapable of working as a painter or do any manual

work. Compensation for loss of future earning therefore has to be

proper and just to enable him to live a life of dignity and not

compensation which is elusive. If the 75% physical disability has

rendered the appellant permanently disabled from pursuing his

normal vocation or any similar work, it is difficult to comprehend

5 the grant of compensation to him in ratio to the disability to the

whole body. The appellant is therefore held entitled to compensation

for loss of future earning based on his 75% permanent physical

functional disability recalculated with the salary of Rs.5,500/­with

multiplier of 14 at Rs. 6,93,000/­.

10. Raj Kumar vs. Ajay Kumar and another, 2011 (1) SCC 343

lucidly sets out the principles for grant of compensation in cases of

permanent physical functional disability as follows:

“10. Where the claimant suffers a permanent disability as a result of injuries, the assessment of compensation under the head of loss of future earnings would depend upon the effect and impact of such permanent disability on his earning capacity. The Tribunal should not mechanically apply the percentage of permanent disability as the percentage of economic loss or loss of earning capacity. In most of the cases, the percentage of economic loss, that is, the percentage of loss of earning capacity, arising from a permanent disability will be different from the percentage of permanent disability. Some Tribunals wrongly assume that in all cases, a particular extent (percentage) of permanent disability would result in a corresponding loss of earning capacity, and consequently, if the evidence produced show 45% as the permanent disability, will hold that there is 45% loss of future earning capacity. In most of the cases, equating the extent (percentage) of loss of earning capacity to the extent (percentage) of

6 permanent disability will result in award of either too low or too high a compensation.

11. What requires to be assessed by the Tribunal is the effect of the permanent disability on the earning capacity of the injured; and after assessing the loss of earning capacity in terms of a percentage of the income, it has to be quantified in terms of money, to arrive at the future loss of earnings (by applying the standard multiplier method used to determine loss of dependency). We may however note that in some cases, on appreciation of evidence and assessment, the Tribunal may find that the percentage of loss of earning capacity as a result of the permanent disability, is approximately the same as the percentage of permanent disability in which case, of course, the Tribunal will adopt the said percentage for determination of compensation. (See for example, the decisions of this Court in Arvind Kumar Mishra v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. and Yadava Kumar v. National Insurance Co.

Ltd.)

xxxx xxxx xxxx

13. Ascertainment of the effect of the permanent disability on the actual earning capacity involves three steps. The Tribunal has to first ascertain what activities the claimant could carry on in spite of the permanent disability and what he could not do as a result of the permanent disability (this is also relevant for awarding compensation under the head of loss of amenities of life). The second step is to ascertain his avocation, profession and nature of work before the accident, as also his age. The third step is to find out whether (i) the claimant is totally disabled from earning any kind of livelihood, or (ii) whether in spite of the permanent disability, the claimant could still effectively carry on the activities and functions, which he was earlier carrying on, or (iii) whether he was prevented or 7 restricted from discharging his previous activities and functions, but could carry on some other or lesser scale of activities and functions so that he continues to earn or can continue to earn his livelihood.

14. For example, if the left hand of a claimant is amputated, the permanent physical or functional disablement may be assessed around 60%. If the claimant was a driver or a carpenter, the actual loss of earning capacity may virtually be hundred per cent, if he is neither able to drive or do carpentry. On the other hand, if the claimant was a clerk in government service, the loss of his left hand may not result in loss of employment and he may still be continued as a clerk as he could perform his clerical functions; and in that event the loss of earning capacity will not be 100% as in the case of a driver or carpenter, nor 60% which is the actual physical disability, but far less. In fact, there may not be any need to award any compensation under the head of “loss of future earnings”, if the claimant continues in government service, though he may be awarded compensation under the head of loss of amenities as a consequence of losing his hand. Sometimes the injured claimant may be continued in service, but may not be found suitable for discharging the duties attached to the post or job which he was earlier holding, on account of his disability, and may therefore be shifted to some other suitable but lesser post with lesser emoluments, in which case there should be a limited award under the head of loss of future earning capacity, taking note of the reduced earning capacity.

11. In Nagarajappa vs. Divisional Manager, Oriental

Insurance Company Limited, 2011 (13) SCC 323, the physical

8 disability of the upper limb was determined as 68% in proportion to

22­23% of the whole­body. This court opined as follows:

“9. On perusal of the doctor’s evidence with respect to the nature of injuries suffered by the appellant, the appellant was found, inter alia, to be suffering from the following disabilities as a result of the accident—“gross deformity of the left forearm, wrist and hand, wasting and weakness of the muscles of the left upper limb and shortening of the left upper limb by 1 cm”. As a result, the doctor stated that the appellant could not work as a coolie and could not also do any other manual work. The doctor assessed permanent residual physical disability of the upper limb at 68% and 22­23% of the whole body.

10. The appellant is working as a manual labourer, for which he requires the use of both his hands. The fact that the accident has left him with one useless hand will severely affect his ability to perform his work as a coolie or any other manual work, and this has also been certified by the doctor. Thus, while awarding compensation it has to be kept in mind that the appellant is to do manual work for the rest of his life without full use of his left hand, and this is bound to affect the quality of his work and also his ability to find work considering his disability. Hence, while computing loss of future income, disability should be taken to be 68% and not 20%, as was done by the Tribunal and the High Court. Our view is supported by the ratio in Raj Kumar and from the fact that the appellant is severely hampered and perhaps forever handicapped from performing his occupation as a coolie.”

12. The High Court also erred in granting a sum of Rs.50,000/­

only towards future medical expenses. PW.3 deposed that the

9 appellant would require three more replacements of the artificial left

leg during his lifetime. We consider it proper to enhance the same

by Rs.2,50,000/­ in addition to that granted by the High Court.

The compensation granted towards loss of amenities is also

enhanced to Rs.50,000/­ considering that the appellant was

deprived of social mixing as deposed by PW.3.

13. Thus, the compensation awarded by the High Court is

modified and recalculated as under:

Sr. Particulars Amount No. (in Rs.) 1. Pain and sufferings 1,00,000 2. Medical expenses 7,350 3. Attendant charges 21,000 4. Loss of earnings during the period of 66,000

treatment 5. Conveyance charges 10,000 6. Loss of future earnings on account of 6,93,000

disability 7. Future medical expenses 2,50,000 8. Loss of amenities 50,000 TOTAL 11,97,350

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14. We modify the award of the High Court accordingly to be paid

along with interest @ 6 per cent from the date of petition till the

realization.

15. The appeal is allowed.

.……………………….J. (R.F. Nariman)

………………………..J. (Navin Sinha)

………………………..J. (B.R. Gavai)

New Delhi, June 10, 2020

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