Sachin Jaiswal vs M/S Hotel Alka Raje

2025 INSC 275 REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NOS. OF 2025 (ARISING OUT OF SLP (C) NO. 18717 OF 2022)

SACHIN JAISWAL …APPELLANT

Versus

M/s HOTEL ALKA RAJE & OTHER …RESPONDENTS

JUDGMENT

SUDHANSHU DHULIA, J.

1. Leave granted.

2. The appellant before this court has challenged the order dated

09.03.2022 passed by the High Court of Judicature at

Allahabad, in First Appeal No. 60/2021 by which the High

Court has disposed of the First Appeal preferred by the

appellant with certain clarifications.

3. Briefly, the facts necessary for our consideration are that father Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by Jayant Kumar Arora Date: 2025.02.27 17:24:33 IST of the appellant, late Bhairo Prasad Jaiswal had vide Reason:

registered sale deed dated 01.10.1965 purchased a plot of

1 land admeasuring 4 bigha 10 biswa 5 biswansi situated at

Mohalla Rikabganj, Faizabad. Then, in the year 1971, he

entered into an oral partnership with his brother, namely

Hanuman Prasad Jaiswal, which was later reduced into

writing vide Partnership Deed dated 11.10.1972 and thus the

partnership firm, M/s Hotel Alka Raje i.e. respondent No. 1

herein was constituted. The two brothers jointly constructed

a building on the land and started running a hotel business

under the name and style of ‘Hotel Alka Raje’.

4. In 1982, two new partners, which are respondent Nos. 2 and 3

herein, were inducted in the firm vide Partnership Deed

dated 07.06.1982. In 1983, late Bhairo Prasad Jaiswal

wished to relinquish his rights from the land on which the

hotel was constructed and thus, he executed a

relinquishment deed dated 09.03.1983 duly registered,

pursuant to which the property was released in favour of M/s

Hotel Alka Raje (respondent No. 1 herein). This

Relinquishment Deed further stipulated that his legal heirs

or successors will have no right, title or interest in the

property.

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5. Although he had relinquished his right and title from the

property on which the hotel was constructed, late Bhairo

Prasad Jaiswal still continued to run the hotel business

along with the other three partners but due to old age, he

was unable to devote much of his time to the business and

thus, a Partnership Deed dated 01.12.2000 was entered into

between the 4 partners, wherein the profits or losses of the

partnership were to be divided as such that late Bhairo

Prasad Jaiswal was to have a share of 10 paise in a rupee or

10% of the net profits or losses while the other three partners

were to have 30% each.

6. On 30.05.2005, late Bhairo Prasad Jaiswal passed away and

thereafter, a new Partnership Deed dated 02.06.2005 was

executed between the three remaining partners, which

included Shri Hanuman Prasad Jaiswal (brother of late

Bhairo Prasad Jaiswal) and respondent Nos. 2 and 3 herein.

The partnership firm continued with the above­mentioned

three partners till the year 2017, when Shri Hanuman

Prasad Jaiswal wished to retire due to old age and thus, a

supplementary partnership agreement dated 01.04.2017 was

executed, as per which, Shri Hanuman Prasad Jaiswal was

3 to retire from the partnership w.e.f. 01.04.2017 and along

with respondent Nos. 2 and 3, a new partner i.e. respondent

No. 4 herein was inducted into respondent No. 1­firm.

7. Then a civil suit for declaration of title and decree of permanent

injunction was filed by respondent Nos. 1­4 herein, on

22.11.2018 before the Civil Judge, Senior Division, Faizabad

(hereinafter, ‘Trial Court’). It was averred by the respondent­

plaintiffs that in October 2018, the appellants, in order to

stake a claim over the property on which the building of

Hotel Alka Raje is situated, tried to take possession of the

property, based on the claim that it was acquired by their

late father, Bhairo Prasad Jaiswal. In their written statement,

the defense taken by the present appellant was that the land

was purchased by their father, late Bhairo Prasad Jaiswal

and thereafter a building was constructed on it by him.

Nowhere has it been stated that the land was purchased and

building was constructed out of their ancestral

fund/property. Their entire grievance seems to be that they

should also have been made a partner in the firm which was

denied.

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8. The suit filed by respondents­plaintiffs was decreed by the Trial

Court vide judgment and decree dated 22.12.2020 holding

that respondent Nos. 1 to 4 are the sole owners­in­

possession of the property and that the appellants have no

right, title or interest in the same. To arrive at this finding,

the Trial Court placed much reliance on the Relinquishment

Deed dated 09.03.1983, which was executed by late Bhairo

Prasad Jaiswal and the Trial Court was of the opinion that

the said Relinquishment Deed, being a registered document

has its veracity and there it is clearly mentioned in the same

that late Bhairo Prasad Jaiswal had relinquished all his

rights, title & interest in the property in favour of the firm­

M/s Hotel Alka Raje, which is respondent No. 1 herein.

Further, it was also mentioned in the deed that even the

successors/heirs of late Bhairo Prasad Jaiswal would not

have any share in the property.

9. Against the judgment and decree of the Trial Court, First Appeal

was filed by the appellant herein along with other defendants

to the suit. Vide Impugned Order dated 09.03.2022 the High

Court disposed of the First Appeal with the following

5 clarification with respect to the decree passed by the Trial

Court:

“We, therefore, clarify the position to the effect that the decree rendered by the trial court shall be read in favour of the firm namely 'M/s Hotel Alka Raje' alone. We also clarify that the share of the partners particularly of late Bhairon Prasad Jaiswal shall stand inherited by his legal heirs to the extent mentioned in the last partnership deed entered in accordance with law.

There is no other question raised by the appellants which is either urged or may call for any consideration.

The first appeal is, accordingly, disposed ∙of with the clarification as aforesaid.”

In other words, the High Court has held that the only entity

which could be said to be the owner­in­possession of the

property, having rights, title and interest over the same is the

partnership firm itself i.e., respondent No. 1 herein.

10. We have heard learned counsel for the appellant and although

notice was served on all respondents, no appearance was

entered on their behalf and this matter remained

uncontested from the side of the respondents. It is submitted

by learned counsel for the appellant that the High Court has

committed an error in passing the aforesaid clarifications. It

is further contended by the appellant that the High Court

has passed the impugned order, without considering their

6 submission that ownership rights/interest in a property

cannot be transferred by way of a relinquishment deed and

can only be done through the modes of transfer defined in

the Transfer of Property Act, i.e. sale, mortgage, exchange or

gift.

11. We shall now proceed to determine whether first, the High Court

was correct in passing the aforesaid clarifications and

secondly, whether the High Court fell into error by not taking

into consideration the contention raised by the appellant as

regards the fact that transfer of title over the property could

not have taken place through a relinquishment deed. Even

though the property belonged to late Bhairo Prasad Jaiswal,

once he entered into a partnership with his brother

Hanuman Prasad vide partnership deed dated 11.10.1972

and consequently the partnership firm­M/s Hotel Alka Raje

came into existence, the property, inclusive of the land and

the building which was constructed for running the hotel

business, became a property of the firm by virtue of Section

14 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 (hereinafter,

‘Partnership Act’) which reads as under:

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“14. The property of the firm­ Subject to contract between the partners, the property of the firm includes all property and rights and interests in property originally brought into the stock of the firm, or acquired, by purchase or otherwise, by or for the firm, or for the purposes and in the course of the business of the firm; and includes also the goodwill of the business.

Unless the contrary intention appears, property and rights and interests in property acquired with money belonging to the firm are deemed to have been acquired for the firm.”

The High Court has held that a bare perusal of Section 14 of

Partnership Act would indicate that any property which is

brought on the stock of the firm becomes the firm’s perpetual

property. In the opinion of the High Court, the Hotel which

was constructed by late Bhairo Prasad Jaiswal on the

property which he had bought in 1965, was his contribution

to the firm and thus, the same was brought on to the stock of

the firm and would become the ‘property of the firm’ as per

Section 14 of the Partnership Act. In this regard, this is what

the High Court has observed:

“The dispute before the trial. court does not appear to be with respect of the proportionate share of partners but for a declaration of the property of 'Hotel Alka Raje' to be the property of firm. The suit was instituted by the firm as plaintiff no. 1 whereas respondent nos. 2 to 4 were the coplaintiffs. It is not in dispute that 'Hotel Alka Raje' which was constructed upon two plots out of which one belonged to late Bhairon Prasad Jaiswal was contributed by him as a part and parcel of the partnership deed. The

8 said property inclusive of the land and building for all legal consequences became a property of the firm namely 'M/s Hotel Alka Raje' situated at Rikabganj, Faizabad.”

12. Having heard learned counsel for the appellant and having gone

through the record, we are in complete agreement with the

High Court on the aforesaid aspect. The High Court based its

order on an interpretation of Section 14 of the Partnership

Act and taking into consideration the fact that it was an

admitted position that the property was contributed by late

Bhairo Prasad Jaiswal to the partnership firm.

13. The law on this point is settled which is that separate property of

an individual partner, can be converted into partnership

property. In this context, reliance can also be placed upon a

judgment of this Court in Addanki Narayanappa v.

Bhaskara Krishnappa, 1966 SCC OnLine SC 6 in which

this Court has held that irrespective of the character of the

property, when it is brought in by the partner when the

partnership is formed, it becomes a property of the

partnership firm, by virtue of Section 14 of Partnership Act.

This Court held as follows:

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“7. It seems to us that looking to the scheme of the Indian Act no other view can reasonably be taken. The whole concept of partnership is to embark upon a joint venture and for that purpose to bring in as capital money or even property including immovable property. Once that is done whatever is brought in would cease to be the trading asset of the person who brought it in. It would be the trading asset of the partnership in which all the partners would have interest in proportion to their share in the joint venture of the business of partnership. The person who brought it in would, therefore, not be able to claim or exercise any exclusive right over any property which he has brought in, much less over any other partnership property. He would not be able to exercise his right even to the extent of his share in the business of the partnership. As already stated, his right during the subsistence of the partnership is to get his share of profits from time to time as may be agreed upon among the partners and after the dissolution of the partnership or with his retirement from partnership of the value of his share in the net partnership assets as on the date of dissolution or retirement after a deduction of liabilities and prior charges.” (emphasis supplied)

14. A similar view has been taken by the Full Bench of the Madras

High Court in The Chief Controlling Revenue Authority vs.

Chidambaram, Partner, Thachanallur Sugar Mills and

Distilleries and Ors. AIR 1970 Mad 5 (FB), wherein it was

held that Section 14 of the Partnership Act enables a partner

to bring a property which belongs to him, by the ‘evidence of

his intention’ to make it a property of the firm and in order to

do so, no formal document or agreement would be necessary.

The Full Bench has thus held as follows:

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“First of all, as we earlier observed, under S. 14 of the Partnership Act, it is always possible for a partner to bring into the partnership, property belonging to him by the evidence of his intention to make it part of the assets of the partnership. There is a very early decision of the English Court, namely, Robinson v. Ashton which embodies this principle, where a man became a member of a partnership, and the agreement was that the business should be conducted at the mill belonging to him, and he was credited in the books of the partnership with the value of the Mills, Jessel M.R. said that it made no difference that his contribution was in the form of mill and machinery, and not in the form of money. The property, therefore, became the property of the partnership. On the same principle of S 14, we have the decision of the Full Bench of the Calcutta High Court in Premraj Brahmin v. Bhaniram Brahmin and the learned Judges pointed out that, by virtue of S. 14, property could be thrown into the partnership stock without any formal document, and would, therefore, become the property of the firm.” (emphasis supplied)

15. It is apparent from a perusal of the record that late Bhairo

Prasad Jaiswal, first acquired the property in the year 1965

and then after constituting the partnership firm (respondent

No. 1) in 1972, he jointly constructed a building over the

property with his brother and partner, Hanuman Prasad

Jaiswal, pursuant to which the building was constructed

which was to run as a hotel. This leaves no room for any

doubt that late Bhairo Prasad had brought the property in

question to the stock of the partnership firm as his

contribution to the same. In fact, this is precisely the reason

11 which prompted the High Court to clarify that the decree

rendered by the Trial Court ought to be read in favour of the

partnership firm­respondent No. 1 alone, as opposed to being

read in favour of the firm along with the other three partners,

i.e. respondent Nos. 2­4 herein, because the property had

become the firm’s property at the very moment late Bhairo

Prasad Jaiswal started constructing the hotel on his land

after constituting the partnership. The evidence of his

intention to contribute the land and the building of ‘Hotel

Alka Raje’ is quite clear.

16. We are also of the opinion that with the above findings there was

no occasion for the High Court to separately address the

contention put forth by the appellant regarding

relinquishment and the legal aspects of it.

17. We therefore see no reason to take a view different from that of

the High Court in this regard. There is absolutely no scope

for our interference with the order of the High Court dated

09.03.2022 in the exercise of our jurisdiction under Article

136 of the Constitution of India.

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18. Accordingly, the appeal stands dismissed.

……...................................J. [SUDHANSHU DHULIA]

……..................................J. [AHSANUDDIN AMANULLAH]

New Delhi;

February 27, 2025.

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