Rameshbhai Chandubhai Rathod vs State Of Gujarat

Rameshbhai Chandubhai Rathod ..Appellant

Versus

State of Gujarat ..Respondent

JUDGMENT

Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.

1. A large number of cases in recent times coming before this Court involving

rape and/or murder of girls of tender age is a matter of concern. In the instant case the

victim who had not seen even ten summers in her life is the victim of sexual assault and

animal lust of the accused appellant. She was not only raped but was murdered by the

accused appellant. The accused was found guilty for offences punishable under

Sections 363, 366, 376, 397 and 302 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short the `IPC').

He was sentenced to 7 years, 10 years, imprisonment for life, 7 years and death

sentence for the aforesaid offences. Conviction was recorded and sentences were

imposed by learned Additional Sessions Judge, Fast Track Court No.9, Surat. In view of

the award of the death sentence reference was made under Section 366 of the Code of

Criminal Procedure, 1973 (in short the `Code'). The accused appellant had also preferred an appeal which was dismissed by the impugned judgment. Both the

confirmation case and the criminal appeal were disposed of. Death sentence was

confirmed while the criminal appeal was dismissed.

2. Prosecution version as unfolded during trial is as follows:

The complainant i.e. Nareshbhai Thakorebhai Patel is residing in flat No. A/2 of Sanudip

Apartment, located on Rander Road of Surat City, with his family. On the Ground Floor

of the apartment, he is running a grocery shop as well as a STD PCO Booth. The name

of his wife is Ms. Kailashben. They were blessed with two children. The eldest is boy

named Brijesh who was aged about 16 years at the time of incident. The deceased was

student of IVth Standard, in Ankur School, situated near Sardar Circle, Surat, whereas

son of the complainant was prosecuting studies in Swaminarayan Gurukul and was

staying in hostel of Swaminarayan Temple. The appellant was employed as Watchman

of Sanudip Apartment and was residing with his wife Savita and two children in a room

of the apartment which is opposite Sanudip Apartment. The incident took place on

December 17, 1999. The complainant with his wife, Ms. Kailashben, went to Udhana at

about 8 PM to attend a religious ceremony. After return from Udhana, the complainant

did not find the victim. Therefore, he made inquiries about the victim from his relatives.

Those staying in the apartment informed the complainant that sometime before his

return from Udhana, the deceased was playing badminton, but they were not knowing

as to where she had gone. The complainant made extensive search about his daughter

of tender age but in vain. At about 2.30 AM on December 18, 1999, he lodged complaint with Rander Police Station, stating that the victim was missing. The information given by

the complainant was recorded by Head Constable Ramdas Barko Borde, who was PSO

of the Police Station. Head Constable Borde handed over investigation of complaint

lodged by the complainant to ASI Mr. Ashokbhai H. Patil. After lodging the complaint,

the complainant continued search of the victim. On December 18, 1999, one Mr.

Bipinbhai Bhandari, who is a friend of the complainant, came to the house of the

complainant and informed the complainant that his old servant, Vishnubhai, had

informed him that he had spotted the appellant taking the deceased with him on his

cycle. Mr. Bipinbhai also informed the complainant that he was told by Vishnubhai that

he had shouted at the appellant but the appellant had not stopped. On learning these

facts, the complainant started search of the appellant, who was employed as Watchman

of the apartment. The complainant also informed the police as to what was conveyed to

him by his friend Mr. Bipinbhai Bhandari. Extensive search about the victim and the

appellant did not yield any result on December 18, 1999. Mr. Chandravadan Naginbhai

Patel, who is brother-in-law of the complainant, stayed at.the house of complainant in

the night of December 18, 1999. In the morning of December 19, 1999, while going

home to take a bath, Mr. Chandravadan Patel spotted the appellant sitting in an open

space near vegetable market. Mr. Chandravadan asked the appellant as to where the

victim was. Thereupon, the appellant informed M Chandravadan that he had raped the

victim and killed her. Therefore, Mr. Chandravadan brought the appellant to the house

of the complainant. On being asked, the appellant informed the complainant and others,

who had collected near the house of the complainant, that he had taken the deceased

on December 17, 1999 with him on his bicycle and raped her and as he had feared that she would disclose the incident to others, he had killed her. Thereupon, the complainant

informed the police, who arrived at the house of the complainant within no time. The

appellant took the complainant and police to the place of incident where dead body of

the deceased was found lying. The complainant, thereupon, lodged First Information

Report about rape of his daughter and her murder, against the appellant on December

19, 1999. On the basis of complaint of the complainant, offences were registered

against the appellant. The complaint of the complainant was investigated by PI SA

Desai, who held inquest on the dead body of the deceased and made arrangements for

sending the same to hospital for postmortem examination. From the place of incident, a

broken bottle containing Castor oil and a knife, were recovered. The appellant was

arrested and pursuant to disclosure statement made by him, the cycle used by him, for

carrying the deceased to the place of incident, and school-bag of the deceased,

containing gold and silver ornaments, were recovered. Silver and gold ornaments

recovered from the school-bag were identified by mother of the deceased as belonging

to the deceased. PI Desai recorded statements of those persons who were supposed to

be conversant with the facts of the case. Incriminating articles seized during the course

of investigation were sent to Forensic Science Laboratory (in short the `FSL') for

analysis. The post-mortem examination of the body of the deceased indicated that the

deceased was subjected to rape and was, thereafter, murdered. The appellant, who

was arrested, was forwarded to Dr. Meghrekhaben Mehta for Medical Examination.

Before Dr. Megrekhaben Mehta, the appellant stated that he had sustained injuries

while committing rape and murder. On completion of investigation, the appellant was

charge-sheeted in the Court of learned Chief Judicial Magistrate, Surat, for commission of offences punishable under Sections 363, 366, 376, 302 and 397 IPC. As the offences

punishable under Sections 366, 376, 397, 302 are exclusively triable by a Court of

Sessions, the case was committed to Sessions Court, Surat for trial, where it was

numbered as Sessions Case No. 79 of 2000.

Since the accused persons pleaded innocence trial was held. Thirty four

witnesses were examined. In addition, certain documents were placed on record. The

case primarily was based on circumstantial evidence as there was no eye witness. The

circumstances highlighted by the trial Court and the High Court are as follows:

1. The first circumstance is that the deceased was raped and she died a

homicidal death.

2. The second circumstance is that the deceased victim who was aged about 10

years was residing with her parents in flat No.A/2 of Sanudip Apartment

located on Rander Road of Surat City.

3. The third circumstance is that the appellant was serving as a Watchman since

long and he was residing with his family in a room located on ground floor of

Happy Home Apartments situated opposite Sanudip Apartment, Surat.

4. The fourth circumstance is that the accused appellant had won the

confidence of the victim as a result of which the victim had reposed

confidence in the appellant.

5. The fifth circumstance which is sought to be proved is that between 8.45 p.m.

and 9.00p.m. on December 17, 1999 the appellant was last seen playing

badminton with the deceased in Sanudip Apartment.

6. The sixth circumstance which is sought to be proved is that the on December

19, 1999 at about 10.30 p.m. the parents of the victim returned home and

found that the deceased was missing.

7. The seventh circumstance which is sought to be relied upon by the

prosecution is that between 9.00 p.m. and 9.30 p.m on December 17, 1999

Vishnubhai Bahadur (PW-24) had seen the appellant taking the deceased on

his cycle near Adajan Patia, Surat.

8. The eighth circumstance is that after PW-24 had disclosed before

Shankarbhai (PW-6) and others that he had seen the appellant going on a

cycle towards Jakat-Naka with the deceased, a search was made and

appellant was found missing.

9. The next circumstance which is sought to be relied upon by the prosecution is

that in the morning of December 1999 witness Chandravadan who was going

home had seen the accused sitting at an open place near Bhulka Bhavan

School and had approached the appellant and on enquiry being made the

appellant had made extra judicial confession before him at that time.

10. The other circumstance which is sought to be proved by the prosecution is

that on arrival of police at Sanudip Apartment after being informed by

complainant Nareshbhai the appellant had shown the place of incident where

the dead body of the deceased was found lying.

11. The next circumstance is that at the instance of the accused appellant his

cycle and school bag of the deceased were recovered and school bag was

found containing anklets and earrings belonging to the deceased.

12. Human Blood was found from T-shirt of the accused and no explanation was

offered by the appellant as to how human blood was found on his T-shirt.

The High Court found the circumstances to be credible, cogent and reliable.

The High Court while referring the circumstances as noted by the High Court upheld the

conviction. It did not find any substance in the plea of the accused appellant that the

evidence of the child witness (PW-17) cannot be relied upon and the extra judicial

confession cannot also be relied upon as police was present. The concept of last seen

together cannot be pressed into service in the instant case as PW-24 was not sure of

the date or the time. Additionally, it was submitted that in a case where circumstantial

evidence is the foundation for conclusion of guilt the death sentence cannot be

awarded. The High Court noted that the evidence of the child witness PW-17 after

careful analysis has been found to be acceptable and, therefore there is no infirmity in

the conclusion of the High Court. Similarly, the plea relating to the extra judicial

confession was also not accepted. The High Court held that several witnesses have

seen the accused and the deceased together in close proximity time at the time of

occurrence and, therefore, the accused was required to explain the circumstances as

to how immediately thereafter the deceased was found to be dead. Therefore, the

appeal filed by the accused appellant was dismissed and the death sentence awarded

was confirmed and other sentences and the conviction as recorded were confirmed.

3. The stand taken before the High Court was re-iterated in this Court.

4. It is to be noted that the circumstances highlighted by the trial Court and analysed in detail by the High Court unerringly point at the accused to be author of the

crime in the present case.

5. So far as the last seen aspect is concerned PWs 4, 5, 6, 17 and 24 had

categorically stated that the deceased was seen in the company of the accused just

before the time of death. Additionally, the extra judicial confession was not recorded in

the presence of the police. It is clear from the evidence of the witnesses that when the

first confession was recorded police personnel were not present. So far as the

evidence of PW-24 regarding the last seen aspect is concerned his evidence has to be

read alongwith the evidence of PWs 5 and 6. Though PW-17 was a child witness

nevertheless the Court has taken care of analyzing his evidence after being satisfied

that child was speaking the truth.

6. So far as the last seen aspect is concerned it is necessary to take note of two

decisions of this court. In State of U.P. v. Satish [2005 (3) SCC 114] it was noted as

follows:

"22. The last seen theory comes into play where the time-gap between the point of time when the accused and the deceased were seen last alive and when the deceased is found dead is so small that possibility of any person other than the accused being the author of the crime becomes impossible. It would be difficult in some cases to positively establish that the deceased was last seen with the accused when there is a long gap and possibility of other persons coming in between exists. In the absence of any other positive evidence to conclude that the accused and the deceased were last seen together, it would be hazardous to come to a conclusion of guilt in those cases. In this case there is positive evidence that the deceased and the accused were seen together by witnesses PWs. 3 and 5, in addition to the evidence of PW-2."

7. In Ramreddy Rajeshkhanna Reddy v. State of A.P. [2006 (10) SCC 172] it

was noted as follows:

"27. The last-seen theory, furthermore, comes into play where the time gap between the point of time when the accused and the deceased were last seen alive and the deceased is found dead is so small that possibility of any person other than the accused being the author of the crime becomes impossible. Even in such a case the courts should look for some corroboration".

(See also Bodh Raj v. State of J&K (2002(8) SCC 45).)"

8. A similar view was also taken in Jaswant Gir v. State of Punjab [2005(12)

SCC 438], Kusuma Ankama Rao v State of A.P. (2008(9) SCALE 652) and in Manivel

& Ors. v. State of Tamil Nadu ( 2008(5) Supreme 577).

9. In Joseph and Poulo v. State of Kerala [2000(5) SCC 197] it was, inter alia,

held as follows:

"The formidable incriminating circumstances against the appellant, as far as we could see, are that the deceased was taken away from the convent by the appellant under a false pretext and she was last seen alive only in his company and that it is on the information furnished by the appellant in the course of investigation that jewels of the deceased which were sold to PW 11 by the appellant, were seized."

"The incriminating circumstances enumerated above unmistakably and inevitably lead to the guilt of the appellant and nothing has been highlighted or brought on record to make the facts proved or the circumstances established to be in any manner in consonance with the innocence at any rate of the appellant. During the time of questioning under Section 313 Cr.P.C. the appellant instead of making at least an attempt to explain or clarity the incriminating circumstances inculpating him, and connecting him with the crime by his adamant attitude of total denial of everything when those circumstances were brought to his notice by the Court not only lost the opportunity but stood self-condemned. Such incriminating links of facts could, if at all, have been only explained by the appellant, and by nobody else, they being personally and exclusively within his knowledge. Of late, courts have, from the falsity of the defence plea and false answers given to court, when questioned, found the missing links to be supplied by such answers for completing the chain of incriminating circumstances necessary to connect the person concerned with the crime committed.(See: State of Maharashtra v. Suresh). That missing link to connect the accused appellant, we find in this case provided by the blunt and outright denial of every one and all that incriminating circumstances pointed out which, in our view, with sufficient and reasonable certainty on the facts proved, connect the accused with the death and the cause of the death of Gracy and for robbing her of her jewellery worn by her -- MOs 1 to 3, under Section 392. The deceased meekly went with the accused from the Convent on account of the misrepresentation made that her mother was seriously ill and hospitalised apparently reposing faith and confidence in him in view of his close relationship -- being the husband of her own sister, but the appellant seems to have not only betrayed the confidence reposed in him but also took advantage of the loneliness of the hapless woman. The quantum of punishment imposed is commensurate with the gravity of the charges held proved and calls for no interference in our hands, despite the fact that we are not agreeing with the High Court in respect of the findings relating to the charge under Section 376.

10. In Damodar v. State of Karnataka [2000 SCC (Crl) 90] it was, inter alia, observed

as follows:

11. "From the evidence of PWs. 1,6,7 & 8 the prosecution has satisfactorily

established that the appellant was last seen with the deceased on 30.4.91. The

appellant either in his Section 313 Cr.P.C. statement or by any other evidence has not

established when and where he and the deceased parted company after being last

seen."

12. Before analyzing factual aspects it may be stated that for a crime to be proved

it is not necessary that the crime must be seen to have been committed and must, in all

circumstances be proved by direct ocular evidence by examining before the Court those

persons who had seen its commission. The offence can be proved by circumstantial evidence also. The principal fact or factum probandum may be proved indirectly by

means of certain inferences drawn from factum probans, that is, the evidentiary facts.

To put it differently circumstantial evidence is not direct to the point in issue but consists

of evidence of various other facts which are so closely associated with the fact in issue

that taken together they form a chain of circumstances from which the existence of the

principal fact can be legally inferred or presumed.

13. It has been consistently laid down by this Court that where a case rests

squarely on circumstantial evidence, the inference of guilt can be justified only when all

the incriminating facts and circumstances are found to be incompatible with the

innocence of the accused or the guilt of any other person. (See Hukam Singh v. State of

Rajasthan AIR (1977 SC 1063); Eradu and Ors. v. State of Hyderabad (AIR 1956 SC

316); Earabhadrappa v. State of Karnataka (AIR 1983 SC 446); State of U.P. v.

Sukhbasi and Ors. (AIR 1985 SC 1224); Balwinder Singh v. State of Punjab (AIR 1987

SC 350); Ashok Kumar Chatterjee v. State of M.P. (AIR 1989 SC 1890). The

circumstances from which an inference as to the guilt of the accused is drawn have to

be proved beyond reasonable doubt and have to be shown to be closely connected with

the principal fact sought to be inferred from those circumstances. In Bhagat Ram v.

State of Punjab (AIR 1954 SC 621), it was laid down that where the case depends upon

the conclusion drawn from circumstances the cumulative effect of the circumstances

must be such as to negative the innocence of the accused and bring the offences home

beyond any reasonable doubt.

14. We may also make a reference to a decision of this Court in C. Chenga

Reddy and Ors. v. State of A.P. (1996) 10 SCC 193, wherein it has been observed thus:

"In a case based on circumstantial evidence, the settled law is that the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is drawn should be fully proved and such circumstances must be conclusive in nature. Moreover, all the circumstances should be complete and there should be no gap left in the chain of evidence. Further the proved circumstances must be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused and totally inconsistent with his innocence....".

15. In Padala Veera Reddy v. State of A.P. and Ors. (AIR 1990 SC 79), it was

laid down that when a case rests upon circumstantial evidence, such evidence must

satisfy the following tests:

"(1) the circumstances from which an inference of guilt is sought to be drawn, must be cogently and firmly established;

(2) those circumstances should be of a definite tendency unerringly pointing towards guilt of the accused;

(3) the circumstances, taken cumulatively should form a chain so complete that there is no escape from the conclusion that within all human probability the crime was committed by the accused and none else; and

(4) the circumstantial evidence in order to sustain conviction must be complete and incapable of explanation of any other hypothesis than that of the guilt of the accused and such evidence should not only be consistent with the guilt of the accused but should be inconsistent with his innocence."

16. In State of U.P. v. Ashok Kumar Srivastava, (1992 Crl.LJ 1104), it was pointed

out that great care must be taken in evaluating circumstantial evidence and if the

evidence relied on is reasonably capable of two inferences, the one in favour of the

accused must be accepted. It was also pointed out that the circumstances relied upon must be found to have been fully established and the cumulative effect of all the facts so

established must be consistent only with the hypothesis of guilt.

17. Sir Alfred Wills in his admirable book "Wills' Circumstantial Evidence" (Chapter

VI) lays down the following rules specially to be observed in the case of circumstantial

evidence: (1) the facts alleged as the basis of any legal inference must be clearly

proved and beyond reasonable doubt connected with the factum probandum; (2) the

burden of proof is always on the party who asserts the existence of any fact, which

infers legal accountability; (3) in all cases, whether of direct or circumstantial evidence

the best evidence must be adduced which the nature of the case admits; (4) in order to

justify the inference of guilt, the inculpatory facts must be incompatible with the

innocence of the accused and incapable of explanation, upon any other reasonable

hypothesis than that of his guilt, (5) if there be any reasonable doubt of the guilt of the

accused, he is entitled as of right to be acquitted".

18. There is no doubt that conviction can be based solely on circumstantial

evidence but it should be tested by the touch-stone of law relating to circumstantial

evidence laid down by this Court as far back as in 1952.

19. In Hanumant Govind Nargundkar and Anr. V. State of Madhya Pradesh, (AIR

1952 SC 343), wherein it was observed thus:

"It is well to remember that in cases where the evidence is of a circumstantial nature, the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn should be in the first instance be fully established and all the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused. Again, the circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency and they should be such as to exclude every hypothesis but the one proposed to be proved. In other words, there must be a chain of evidence so far complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for a conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and it must be such as to show that within all human probability the act must have been done by the accused."

20. A reference may be made to a later decision in Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v.

State of Maharashtra, (AIR 1984 SC 1622). Therein, while dealing with circumstantial

evidence, it has been held that onus was on the prosecution to prove that the chain is

complete and the infirmity of lacuna in prosecution cannot be cured by false defence or

plea. The conditions precedent in the words of this Court, before conviction could be

based on circumstantial evidence, must be fully established. They are:

(1) the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn should be fully established. The circumstances concerned must or should and not may be established;

(2) the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused, that is to say, they should not be explainable on any other hypothesis except that the accused is guilty;

(3) the circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency;

(4) they should exclude every possible hypothesis except the one to be proved;

and

(5) there must be a chain of evidence so compete as not to leave any reasonable

ground for the conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and must show

that in all human probability the act must have been done by the accused.

21. One of the other important circumstances is that the accused appellant had

shown the place of incident where the dead body of the deceased was found lying. At

the instance of the appellant his cycle and school bag of the deceased were recovered and the school bag was found containing anklets and earrings belonging to the

deceased. Human blood was found on the T-shirt of the accused. The falsity of defence

plea has been regarded as an additional link in the chain of circumstances. The

conviction has therefore been rightly recorded by the trial Court and affirmed by the

High Court.

22. Coming to the question of award of death sentence, this has to be considered

in the background of factual scenario.

23. The law regulates social interests, arbitrates conflicting claims and demands.

Security of persons and property of the people is an essential function of the State. It

could be achieved through instrumentality of criminal law. Undoubtedly, there is a cross

cultural conflict where living law must find answer to the new challenges and the courts

are required to mould the sentencing system to meet the challenges. The contagion of

lawlessness would undermine social order and lay it in ruins. Protection of society and

stamping out criminal proclivity must be the object of law which must be achieved by

imposing appropriate sentence. Therefore, law as a corner-stone of the edifice of

"order" should meet the challenges confronting the society. Friedman in his "Law in

Changing Society" stated that, "State of criminal law continues to be - as it should be -

a decisive reflection of social consciousness of society". Therefore, in operating the

sentencing system, law should adopt the corrective machinery or the deterrence based

on factual matrix. By deft modulation sentencing process be stern where it should be,

and tempered with mercy where it warrants to be. The facts and given circumstances in each case, the nature of the crime, the manner in which it was planned and committed,

the motive for commission of the crime, the conduct of the accused, the nature of

weapons used and all other attending circumstances are relevant facts which would

enter into the area of consideration. For instance a murder committed due to deep-

seated mutual and personal rivalry may not call for penalty of death. But an organised

crime or mass murders of innocent people would call for imposition of death sentence

as deterrence. In Mahesh v. State of M.P. (1987) 2 SCR 710), this Court while refusing

to reduce the death sentence observed thus:

"It will be a mockery of justice to permit the accused to escape the extreme penalty of law when faced with such evidence and such cruel acts. To give the lesser punishment for the accused would be to render the justicing system of the country suspect. The common man will lose faith in courts. In such cases, he understands and appreciates the language of deterrence more than the reformative jargon."

24. Therefore, undue sympathy to impose inadequate sentence would do more

harm to the justice system to undermine the public confidence in the efficacy of law and

society could not long endure under such serious threats. It is, therefore, the duty of

every court to award proper sentence having regard to the nature of the offence and the

manner in which it was executed or committed etc. This position was illuminatingly

stated by this Court in Sevaka Perumal etc. v. State of Tamil Naidu (AIR 1991 SC

1463).

25. The criminal law adheres in general to the principle of proportionality in

prescribing liability according to the culpability of each kind of criminal conduct. It

ordinarily allows some significant discretion to the Judge in arriving at a sentence in

each case, presumably to permit sentences that reflect more subtle considerations of culpability that are raised by the special facts of each case. Judges in essence affirm

that punishment ought always to fit the crime; yet in practice sentences are determined

largely by other considerations. Sometimes it is the correctional needs of the perpetrator

that are offered to justify a sentence. Sometimes the desirability of keeping him out of

circulation, and sometimes even the tragic results of his crime. Inevitably these

considerations cause a departure from just desert as the basis of punishment and

create cases of apparent injustice that are serious and widespread.

26. Proportion between crime and punishment is a goal respected in principle,

and in spite of errant notions, it remains a strong influence in the determination of

sentences. The practice of punishing all serious crimes with equal severity is now

unknown in civilized societies, but such a radical departure from the principle of

proportionality has disappeared from the law only in recent times. Even now for a single

grave infraction drastic sentences are imposed. Anything less than a penalty of greatest

severity for any serious crime is thought then to be a measure of toleration that is

unwarranted and unwise. But in fact, quite apart from those considerations that make

punishment unjustifiable when it is out of proportion to the crime, uniformly

disproportionate punishment has some very undesirable practical consequences.

27. After giving due consideration to the facts and circumstances of each case, for

deciding just and appropriate sentence to be awarded for an offence, the aggravating

and mitigating factors and circumstances in which a crime has been committed are to

be delicately balanced on the basis of really relevant circumstances in a dispassionate

manner by the Court. Such act of balancing is indeed a difficult task. It has been very aptly indicated in Dennis Councle MCG Dautha v. State of California: 402 US 183: 28

L.D. 2d 711 that no formula of a foolproof nature is possible that would provide a

reasonable criterion in determining a just and appropriate punishment in the infinite

variety of circumstances that may affect the gravity of the crime. In the absence of any

foolproof formula which may provide any basis for reasonable criteria to correctly

assess various circumstances germane to the consideration of gravity of crime, the

discretionary judgment in the facts of each case, is the only way in which such judgment

may be equitably distinguished.

28. In Jashubha Bharatsinh Gohil v. State of Gujarat (1994 (4) SCC 353), it has

been held by this Court that in the matter of death sentence, the Courts are required to

answer new challenges and mould the sentencing system to meet these challenges.

The object should be to protect the society and to deter the criminal in achieving the

avowed object to law by imposing appropriate sentence. It is expected that the Courts

would operate the sentencing system so as to impose such sentence which reflects the

conscience of the society and the sentencing process has to be stern where it should

be. Even though the principles were indicated in the background of death sentence and

life sentence, the logic applies to all cases where appropriate sentence is the issue.

29. Imposition of sentence without considering its effect on the social order in

many cases may be in reality a futile exercise. The social impact of the crime, e.g.

where it relates to offences against women, dacoity, kidnapping, misappropriation of

public money, treason and other offences involving moral turpitude or moral

delinquency which have great impact on social order, and public interest, cannot be lost sight of and per se require exemplary treatment. Any liberal attitude by imposing

meager sentences or taking too sympathetic view merely on account of lapse of time in

respect of such offences will be result-wise counter productive in the long run and

against societal interest which needs to be cared for and strengthened by string of

deterrence inbuilt in the sentencing system.

30. In Dhananjoy Chatterjee v. State of W.B. (1994 (2) SCC 220), this Court has

observed that shockingly large number of criminals go unpunished thereby increasingly,

encouraging the criminals and in the ultimate making justice suffer by weakening the

system's creditability. The imposition of appropriate punishment is the manner in which

the Court responds to the society's cry for justice against the criminal. Justice demands

that Courts should impose punishment befitting the crime so that the Courts reflect

public abhorrence of the crime. The Court must not only keep in view the rights of the

criminal but also the rights of the victim of the crime and the society at large while

considering the imposition of appropriate punishment.

31. Similar view has also been expressed in Ravji v. State of Rajasthan, (1996 (2)

SCC 175). It has been held in the said case that it is the nature and gravity of the crime

but not the criminal, which are germane for consideration of appropriate punishment in

a criminal trial. The Court will be failing in its duty if appropriate punishment is not

awarded for a crime which has been committed not only against the individual victim but

also against the society to which the criminal and victim belong. The punishment to be

awarded for a crime must not be irrelevant but it should conform to and be consistent with the atrocity and brutality with which the crime has been perpetrated, the enormity of

the crime warranting public abhorrence and it should "respond to the society's cry for

justice against the criminal". If for extremely heinous crime of murder perpetrated in a

very brutal manner without any provocation, most deterrent punishment is not given, the

case of deterrent punishment will lose its relevance.

32. These aspects have been elaborated in State of M.P. v. Munna Choubey

[2005 (2) SCC 712].

33. In Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab [1980 (2) SCC 684] a

Constitution Bench of this Court at para 132 summed up the position as follows: (SCC

p.729)

"132. To sum up, the question whether or not death penalty serves any penological purpose is a difficult, complex and intractable issue. It has evoked strong, divergent views. For the purpose of testing the constitutionality of the impugned provision as to death penalty in Section 302, Penal Code on the ground of reasonableness in the light of Articles 19 and 21 of the Constitution, it is not necessary for us to express any categorical opinion, one way or the other, as to which of these two antithetical views, held by the Abolitionists and Retentionists, is correct. It is sufficient to say that the very fact that persons of reason, learning and light are rationally and deeply divided in their opinion on this issue, is a ground among others, for rejecting the petitioners' argument that retention of death penalty in the impugned provision, is totally devoid of reason and purpose. If, notwithstanding the view of the Abolitionists to the contrary, a very large segment of people, the world over, including sociologists, legislators, jurists, judges and administrators still firmly believe in the worth and necessity of capital punishment for the protection of society, if in the perspective of prevailing crime conditions in India, contemporary public opinion channelised through the people's representatives in Parliament, has repeatedly in the last three decades, rejected all attempts, including the one made recently, to abolish or specifically restrict the area of death penalty, if death penalty is still a recognised legal sanction for murder or some types of murder in most of the civilised countries in the world, if the framers of the Indian Constitution were fully aware -- as we shall presently show they were -- of the existence of death penalty as punishment for murder, under the Indian Penal Code, if the 35th Report and subsequent reports of the Law Commission suggesting retention of death penalty, and recommending revision of the Criminal Procedure Code and the insertion of the new Sections 235(2) and 354(3) in that Code providing for pre-sentence hearing and sentencing procedure on conviction for murder and other capital offences were before Parliament and presumably considered by it when in 1972-73 it took up revision of the Code of 1898 and replaced it by the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, it is not possible to hold that the provision of death penalty as an alternative punishment for murder, in Section 302, Penal Code is unreasonable and not in the public interest. We would, therefore, conclude that the impugned provision in Section 302, violates neither the letter nor the ethos of Article 19."

34. Similarly, in Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab [1983 (3) SCC 470] in para 38

the position was summed up as follows: (SCC p. 489)

"38. In this background the guidelines indicated in Bachan Singh's case (surpa) will have to be culled out and applied to the facts of each individual case where the question of imposing of death sentence arises. The following propositions emerge from Bachan Singh's case (supra):

(i) The extreme penalty of death need not be inflicted except in gravest cases of extreme culpability.

(ii) Before opting for the death penalty the circumstances of the `offender' also require to be taken into consideration along with the circumstances of the `crime'.

(iii) Life imprisonment is the rule and death sentence is an exception. In other words death sentence must be imposed only when life imprisonment appears to be an altogether inadequate punishment having regard to the relevant circumstances of the crime, and provided, and only provided, the option to impose sentence of imprisonment for life cannot be conscientiously exercised having regard to the nature and circumstances of the crime and all the relevant circumstances.

(iv) A balance sheet of aggravating and mitigating circumstances has to be drawn up and in doing so the mitigating circumstances have to be accorded full weightage and a just balance has to be struck between the aggravating and the mitigating circumstances before the option is exercised."

35. The position was again reiterated in Devender Pal Singh v. State of NCT of

Delhi [2002 (5)SCC 234 ] : (SCC p. 271, para 58) "58. From Bachan Singh 's case (supra) and Machhi Singh's case (supra) the principle culled out is that when the collective conscience of the community is so shocked, that it will expect the holders of the judicial power centre to inflict death penalty irrespective of their personal opinion as regards desirability or otherwise of retaining death penalty, the same can be awarded. It was observed:

The community may entertain such sentiment in the following circumstances:

(1) When the murder is committed in an extremely brutal, grotesque, diabolical, revolting, or dastardly manner so as to arouse intense and extreme indignation of the community.

(2) When the murder is committed for a motive which evinces total depravity and meanness; e.g. murder by hired assassin for money or reward; or cold-blooded murder for gains of a person vis-`-vis whom the murderer is in a dominating position or in a position of trust; or murder is committed in the course for betrayal of the motherland. (3) When murder of a member of a Scheduled Caste or minority community, etc. is committed not for personal reasons but in circumstances which arouse social wrath; or in cases of `bride burning' or `dowry deaths' or when murder is committed in order to remarry for the sake of extracting dowry once again or to marry another woman on account of infatuation.

(4) When the crime is enormous in proportion. For instance when multiple murders, say of all or almost all the members of a family or a large number of persons of a particular caste, community, or locality, are committed.

(5) When the victim of murder is an innocent child, or a helpless woman or old or infirm person or a person vis-`-vis whom the murderer is in a dominating position, or a public figure generally loved and respected by the community."

36. If upon taking an overall global view of all the circumstances in the light of the

aforesaid propositions and taking into account the answers to the questions posed by

way of the test for the rarest of rare cases, the circumstances of the case are such that

death sentence is warranted, the court would proceed to do so.

37. What is culled out from the decisions noted above is that while

deciding the question as to whether the extreme penalty of death sentence is to be

awarded, a balance sheet of aggravating and mitigating circumstances has to be drawn

up.

38. The plea that in a case of circumstantial evidence death should not be

awarded is without any logic. If the circumstantial evidence is found to be of

unimpeachable character in establishing the guilt of the accused, that forms the

foundation for conviction. That has nothing to do with the question of sentence as has

been observed by this Court in various cases while awarding death sentence. The

mitigating circumstances and the aggravating circumstances have to be balanced. In

the balance sheet of such circumstances, the fact that the case rests on circumstantial

evidence has no role to play. In fact in most of the cases where death sentence are

awarded for rape and murder and the like, there is practically no scope for having an

eye witness. They are not committed in the public view. But very nature of things in

such cases, the available evidence is circumstantial evidence. If the said evidence has

been found to be credible, cogent and trustworthy for the purpose of recording

conviction, to treat that evidence as a mitigating circumstance, would amount to

consideration of an irrelevant aspect. The plea of learned counsel for the appellant that

the conviction is based on circumstantial evidence and, therefore, the death sentence

should not be awarded is clearly unsustainable.

39. The case at hand falls in the rarest of rare category. The circumstances

highlighted establish the depraved acts of the accused and they call for only one

sentence i.e. death sentence.

40.Looked at from any angle the judgment of the High Court confirming the death sentence does not want any interference.

41. The appeal fails and is dismissed.

..................................J. (Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT)

..................................J. (ASOK KUMAR GANGULY)

New Delhi, April 27, 2009 REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 575 OF 2007

Rameshbhai Chandubhai Rathod ..Appellant

Versus

State of Gujarat ..Respondent

JUDGMENT

Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.

Though both of us have agreed that conviction is to be maintained, one of us

Pasayat, J has confirmed the death sentence while Ganguly, J has held that life

sentence is to be given. The matter is referred to a larger bench only on the question of

sentence. The matter be placed before Hon'ble the Chief Justice of India for necessary

orders.

..................................J. (Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT)

........................................J. (ASOK KUIMAR GANGULY)

New Delhi, April 27, 2009 REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.575 OF 2007

Rameshbhai Chandubhai Rathod .Appellant(s)

- Versus -

State of Gujarat Respondent(s)

JUDGMENT

Ganguly, J

1. I have gone through the judgment prepared by My Lord Hon'ble Dr. Justice Pasayat, but

I have not found myself in entire agreement with the conclusions reached by His

Lordship. I need hardly say that it is only with great respect to His Lordship that I venture

to express a divergent opinion on the sentence and I consider it my sacred duty as a

judge to do so. In my view in this case death penalty cannot be inflicted on the

appellant.

2. From the judgment of His Lordship, it appears that the case against the appellant rests

on circumstantial evidence. Those circumstances have been noted by the Hon'ble High Court and adverted to by His Lordship in the judgment. Twelve circumstances have

been noted and they are as follows:-

I. The 1st circumstance is that the deceased was raped and she died a homicidal death.

II. The 2nd circumstance is that the deceased victim who was aged about 10 years was residing with her parents in flat No.A/2 of Sanudip Apartment located on Rander Road of Surat City.

III. The 3rd circumstance is that the appellant was serving as a Watchman since long and he was residing with his family in a room located on ground floor of Happy Home Apartments situated opposite Sanudip Apartment, Surat.

IV. The 4th circumstance is that the accused appellant had won the confidence of the victim as a result of which the victim had reposed confidence in the appellant.

V. The 5 th circumstance which is sought to be proved is that between 8.45 p.m. and 9.00 p.m. on December 17, 1999 the appellant was last seen playing badminton with the deceased in Sanudip Apartment.

VI. The 6th circumstance which is sought to be proved is that on December 17, 1999 at about 10.30 p.m. the parents of the victim returned home and found that the deceased was missing.

VII. The 7th circumstance which is sought to be relied upon by the prosecution is that between 9.00 p.m. and 9.30 p.m on December 17, 1999 Vishnubhai Bahadur (PW-24) had seen the appellant taking the deceased on his cycle near Adajan Patia, Surat.

VIII. The 8 th circumstance is that after PW-24 had disclosed before Shankarbhai (PW-6) and others that he had seen the appellant going on a cycle towards Jakat-Naka with the deceased, a search was made and appellant was found missing.

IX. The next circumstance which is sought to be relied upon by the prosecution is that in the morning of December 19, 1999 witness Chandravadan who was going home had seen the accused sitting at an open place near Bhulka Bhavan School and had approached the appellant and on enquiry being made the appellant had made extra judicial confession before him at that time.

X. The other circumstance which is sought to be proved by the prosecution is that on arrival of police at Sanudip Apartment after being informed by complainant Nareshbhai the appellant had shown the place of incident where the dead body of the deceased was found lying.

XI. The next circumstance is that at the instance of the accused appellant his cycle and school bag of the deceased were recovered and school bag was found containing anklets and earrings belonging to the deceased.

XII. Human Blood was found from T-shirt of the accused and no explanation was offered by the appellant as to how human blood was found on his T-shirt.

3. On going through those circumstances, to my mind, the first three circumstances, by

themselves, do not fasten any guilt on the appellant. In conjunction with other

circumstances they may be relevant. However the 4th, 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th

circumstances might have been considered relevant by His Lordship for bringing home

the guilt of the appellant and then bringing the case within the rarest of rare cases, a

principle formulated by the majority judgment in Bachan Singh Vs. State of Punjab -

AIR 1980 SC 898, by this Court for imposing death penalty.

4. Since I differ with His Lordship on the question of inflicting the death penalty on the

appellant, I propose to consider the evidence leading onto some of those circumstances.

5. To prove the fourth circumstance, the prosecution examined witness Kailashben, who is

the mother of the deceased. Kailashben deposed that the appellant used to take the

victim to school on his cycle and leave her at school when the rickshawallah failed to turn

up to take her to school. The same version has been given by another witness,

Chandravadan Nagin Bhai Patel (PW.4). The High Court has also noted that the

appellant, in his written statement had stated that the deceased would occasionally play

with his daughter and come to his room and that he never misbehaved with the deceased. These pieces of evidence cannot be said to fasten any guilt on the appellant.

However, the High Court on appreciation of these pieces of evidence came to the

conclusion that the prosecution proved that the appellant had enticed the victim to come

with him and the fact that the appellant took the victim on the bicycle on December 17,

1999 becomes "plausible and acceptable".

6. Therefore, the High Court's conclusions on the 4th circumstance are not very definite.

The High Court itself considered its conclusion in respect of the 4 th circumstance a

`plausible one'. Imposition of death sentence by considering one of the circumstances

which High Court finds `plausible' is, to my mind, in defiance of any reasoning which

brings a case within the category of the `rarest of rare cases'.

7. In proving the 5th circumstance, the prosecution relied heavily on evidence of the child

witness, namely Darshanaben. When she deposed, before the Court in 2004, she was

17 years old. The incident happened in 1999 and at that time, she must have been 12

years old.

8. In the examination-in-chief, she stated that she went to Sanudip Apartments between 8

and 8:30 p.m., she and the deceased were playing badminton. At that time, one Jayanti

Dada was sitting near the STD shop. However, the evidence of Jayanti Dada is not

forthcoming even though the witness said when she went for dinner in the house of the

deceased, Jayanti Dada was playing badminton with the deceased. After dinner, the

witness came back and again started playing with the deceased. Then, her father came and took her home. At this point, her evidence in chief is "thereafter, Khusbu (the

deceased), was playing badminton with the appellant". According to her evidence, they

were playing badminton at about 9 p.m.

9. For the appreciation of the evidence of a child witness, this Court has evolved certain

principles and in some of its judgments this Court has relied on the proposition

formulated by Justice Brewer in Wheeler Vs. United States - 159 US 523 (1895).

10. Justice Brewer opined that the evidence of a child witness is not to be rejected per se but

rule of prudence demands that it should be subjected to a close scrutiny. If on a close

scrutiny, the Court finds it reliable, even conviction can be based on it.

11. This principle laid down in Wheeler (supra) has been accepted by this Court in

Ratansinh Dalsukhbhai Nayak Vs. State of Gujarat - (2004) 1 SCC 64, at pg. 67 and

also in Nivrutti Pandurang Kokate and Others Vs. State of Maharashtra - (2008) 12

SCC 565, at pg. 567.

12. Even earlier than that, this Court in Dattu Ramrao Sakhare and Others Vs. State of

Maharashtra - (1997) 5 SCC 341, had held that there is no rule of practice that the

evidence of a child witness needs corroboration in order to base conviction on it.

However, as a rule of prudence, the Court insists it is desirable to have corroboration

from other dependable evidence (See page 343).

13. In Suryanarayana Vs. State of Karnataka - (2001) 9 SCC 129, this Court held that

corroboration of the testimony of a child witness is not a rule but is a measure of caution

and prudence (See page 133).

14. In this case, of course, there is some corroboration of the evidence of the child witness

from the deposition given by Shankarbhai, who mentioned that, the accused was playing

badminton with the deceased. So far as the 5th circumstance is concerned, guilt of the

appellant did not surface till then.

15. So far as the 6th circumstance is concerned, the same is that the deceased was found

missing by her parents when they returned home on 17.12.1999 at about 10.30 p.m.

This also does not indicate any guilt of the appellant.

16. The 7th and 8th circumstances are very crucial and in this connection, the evidence of

PW.24 is very vital for fastening the guilt on the appellant. PW.24 in his evidence in chief

said that he had seen the appellant taking the deceased on a bicycle between 9.00 to

9.30 p.m. The said witness was having the business of selling Chinese food in a lorry

near Adajan Patiya Char Rasta. But in his cross-examination he has said "on the date of

incident at about 8.00 p.m. I had seen Ramesh with Khushbu, who was going on cycle

sitting behind Khushbu, on the road Adajan Patiya Char Rasta opposite to my lorry".

17. This is a vital discrepancy. The evidence of the child witness corroborated by

Shankarbhai is that, deceased was playing badminton till about 9.00 p.m. The deceased was first playing with the child witness, then with Jayanti Dada and then again with the

child witness and ultimately with the appellant when the child witness left the apartment

with her father for their house. Therefore, the evidence of PW.24, which is adduced by

the prosecution to prove the theory of `last seen' is that on 8.00 p.m. PW.24 had seen

the appellant and the victim going on a cycle in front of his lorry from which he was

selling Chinese food.

18. In that case, the deceased and the appellant must have left the apartment before 8 p.m.

Thus there is a very vital discrepancy about time between the evidence of child witness

as corroborated by Shankarbhai and the evidence of PW.24 on the question of `last

seen'. The prosecution sought to prove this `last seen' theory on the basis of the 5th and

7th circumstances. This discrepancy has not been noticed either by the High Court or in

the judgment of His Lordship.

19. The next, the 8th circumstance, as noted in the judgment of His Lordship is that after

PW.24 had disclosed before Shankarbhai (PW.6) that he had seen the appellant going

on a cycle towards Jakat Naka with the deceased, a search was made and the appellant

was found missing. From the evidence of Vishnu Bahadur (PW.24), it appears that on

the date of the incident i.e. 17.12.1999, after he saw the appellant going with the

deceased on a cycle and he called the appellant to stop, the appellant did not stop

the cycle and was going towards Jakat Naka. Thereafter his evidence in chief is that

he closed the lorry at about 11.00 p.m. and went to his house and slept. On 17.12.1999

Vishnu Bahadur (PW.24) did not meet Shankarbhai (PW.6). On the next day i.e. 18.12.1999 at about 1.00 to 1.30 p.m., Vishnu Bahadur (PW.24) after cooking Chinese

food in his house went to Sanudip Apartment and met Shankarbhai (PW.6). When he

went to that Apartment, he saw a crowd there. Then his evidence is, "I asked

Shankarbhai, what is happened. In reply, Shankarbhai told me that Khushbu is missing

since last night. At that time I informed Shankarbhai that yesterday evening I have seen

Ramesh, who was going on cycle with Khushbu. The police had inquired him."

20. It is clear from the aforesaid evidence that Vishnu Bahadur (PW.24) met Shankarbhai

(PW.6) on the next day i.e. on 18.12.1999 quite late and which is after mid day and then

he informed Shankarbhai about the incident of the appellant going on a cycle with the

deceased. So the information by PW.24 to PW.6 that he saw on 17.12.1999 the

appellant and the deceased going together on a cycle towards Jakat Naka was not given

before 1.00 to 1.30 p.m. on 18.12.1999.

21. The 9th circumstance which introduces the extra judicial confession by the appellant to

Chandravadan (PW.4) shows a different sequence of events. Evidence of

Chandravadan (PW.4) is that on the night of 17.12.1999, Nareshbhai and Kailashben,

the parents of the deceased, came to his house for the purpose of searching the

deceased. Then Chandervadan went with them to search the deceased and stayed at

the place of Nareshbhai and then he went to the house of his mother-in-law, where he

stayed the whole night then left for his house to have a bath which is obviously the next

day i.e. 18.12.1999. When he was leaving for his house on a motorcycle, he saw the

appellant sitting behind Bhulka Bhavan School in an open plot. He went to the appellant and asked him about Khusbhu and then the appellant made his confessional statement

of allegedly raping and murdering Khushbu. Chandravadan (PW.4) then took the

appellant "to the house of Nareshbhai" where Nareshbhai and others interrogated the

appellant and before them appellant is alleged to have made the same confessional

statement. Then Nareshbhai `called up the Police Station' and `informed the police'.

PW.4 also deposed, `Before police came, I left the house of Nareshbhai and went to my

house to have a bath' - this is the evidence of PW.4 in chief. It is clear from the

aforesaid evidence of PW.4 that he took the appellant to the father of the deceased on

the next day and police was immediately informed before he could go to his house to

take his bath.

22. To my mind this discloses major discrepancies in the sequence of events, which formed

the core of 7th, 8th and 9th circumstances and are very vital to establish the guilt of the

appellant. According to my reading of the evidence there is no chance of the appellant

being found missing after the reporting of the incident by PW.24 on 18.12.1999 at about

1.00 to 1.30 p.m. in as much as PW.4 brought the appellant to the apartment in the

morning hours of 18.12.1999 and the police was immediately called. In between the

confession was allegedly made by the appellant.

23. It appears that in his statement under Section 313 Cr.P.C., the appellant submitted that

he wants to give a written statement and he actually had given a written statement to the

Trial Court. The same was marked as Exhibit 133. In the said written statement dated

1.4.2005 he has inter alia stated:-

"I have not made any confession before the residents of the society or the police, because I have not committed any offence. Moreover, I have not shown dead body of Khushbu to the Police. I had not led police to the place where dead body was lying. I have not made any confession before the police or panch persons. I have not drawn the police to the place of my residence. I have not given anything from the school bag. The police had created these evidences with a view to involve me in the case falsely."

24. This has to be treated as part of the accused's statement under Section 313. The

provision under Section 313 of the Code is for the benefit of the accused [see Basavaraj

R. Patil & others Vs. State of Karnataka and others - (2000) 8 SCC 740]. Therefore,

this written statement which the accused has given and the Court made it as an Exhibit

must be treated as part of his statement under Section 313.

25. It appears therefore, the appellant has retracted his confession.

26. When an extra-judicial confession is retracted by an accused, there is no inflexible rule

that the Court must invariably accept the retraction. But at the same time it is unsafe for

the court to rely on the retracted confession, unless the Court on a consideration of the

entire evidence comes to a definite conclusion that the retracted confession is true. If the

Court wants to reject the retraction, Court must give cogent reasons before the Court

rejects it. (See the Division Bench Judgment of Calcutta High Court in King Emperor Vs.

Biseswar Dey and others - 26 C.W.N. 1010). This is still good law. The same principle

has been accepted after elaborate discussion by this Court in Mohd. Azad @ Samin Vs.

State of West Bengal reported in JT 2008(11) SC 658 at 665 of the report. (See para

21).

27. It does not appear that the High Court has given any reason for not accepting the

retraction of the confession by the accused. The High Court dealt with so-called extra

judicial confessions by the appellant and held that the second extra judicial confession

by the appellant before the police is hit by Section 25 of the Evidence Act. But about the

retraction of his first extra judicial confession in the written statement of the appellant,

which is part of his 313 statement, there is no discussion in the judgment of the High

Court.

28. In paragraph 13 of the High Court judgment, the High Court merely referred to the

general denials by the appellant in the course of his examination under Section 313

Cr.P.C. and held that the non-explanation of the suspicious circumstances under which

the deceased had died will be treated as an additional link against the appellant. In a

case where death penalty has been imposed, this Court expects the High Court to

consider the evidence with greater care and circumspection.

29. This Court finds that the written statement of the appellant was accepted by the High

Court while formulating various circumstances against the appellant. A part of the

written statement was considered for formulating the 4th circumstance against him. So

High Court cannot accept one part of the statement to the total non-consideration of the

other part in which the appellant has retracted his confession and especially when it was

affirming death sentence against the appellant.

30. The 12th circumstance against the appellant is that blood was found on his T-shirt. But the High Court observed that the blood group of the deceased was `A' and the blood

group found on T-shirt of the appellant couldn't be determined. So, in my view, the mere

fact that blood stain was found on the T-Shirt of the appellant cannot be taken as a

circumstance against him.

31. But the High Court glossed over this gap in the prosecution evidence by citing Khujji

alias Surendra Tiwari Vs. State of Madhya Pradesh - AIR 1991 SC 1853. In that

judgment, a three judge Bench of this Court held that even when group of blood stains

found on the clothes of the accused is not determined, the same is of no consequence

when there is direct evidence against the accused that he inflicted a knife blow on the

deceased.

32. This ratio cannot be applied here as there is no direct evidence. This is a case of

circumstantial evidence. Therefore, in the absence of any proof that the group of the

blood stain found on the T-shirt of the accused is that of the deceased, the 12 th

circumstance cannot be said to be one pointing towards the guilt of the accused and

especially in a case where death penalty is affirmed by the High Court.

33. In the complaint, which was filed by the father of the deceased girl, there is no allegation

of robbery. In the evidence led in this case and on which adverse circumstances have

been formulated against the appellant, it appears that the deceased girl went with the

appellant on her own. In the circumstances noted against the appellant, there is no

allegation of robbery against the appellant.

34. In his statement under Section 313, the accused was not told that he has committed

robbery. Only in some of the questions it was put to him that the deceased girl was

wearing golden earrings and silver anklets. It was never put to him that he has

committed any robbery. Even then the Hon'ble High Court after assessment of the

evidence in this case and while confirming the death sentence reached its finding that

the appellant has committed robbery. The question which was put to the appellant in

connection with those ornaments is as follows:-

"This witness has further stated in her deposition that, her daughter was going to school by rickshaw. Some times Mr. Ramesh was going to put her on school on his cycle when rickshaw was not available. Moreover, this witness has identified cloths, golden earrings and silver anklets of deceased Ms. Khushbu. What you want to say about it?"

35. From the aforesaid question, it cannot be said that it was put to the appellant that he

committed robbery but the High Court reached a finding that the appellant committed

robbery and held:

"It is obvious that a most heinous type of barbaric rape, murder and robbery was committed on a helpless and defenseless girl aged 10 years."

36. I am constrained to hold that appreciation of evidence by the High Court in this case, in

affirming death penalty, has not been on a proper perspective and keeping in mind the

parameters of `rarest of rare cases' formulated in Bachan Singh (supra).

37. The High Court while confirming death sentence in this case, compared this case with

the decision of this Court in the case of Dhananjoy Chatterjee alias Dhana Vs. State of

W.B. - (1994) 2 SCC 220, and justified the death penalty in this case as similar penalty was imposed in the case of Dhananjoy (supra).

38. There are vital differences in the facts of the two cases. In the present case, there is no

allegation that the appellant ever misbehaved with the deceased.

39. In Dhananjoy (supra), prior to the date of crime, there were many occasions when the

victim had been teased by Dhananjoy on her way to and back from her school. The

latest being on 2nd March, 1990, three days prior to her death, when Dhananjoy had

asked the deceased to accompany him to watch a movie. To that the deceased

protested and had told her mother about it. Then her father had consulted some

neighbours and thereafter, filed a written complaint to the security agency which had

hired Dhananjoy and deployed in their apartment. The agency had arranged for

Dhananjoy to be transferred to another apartment. Thus there was a motive and a sense

of revenge in the mind of Dhananjoy in committing the crime against the deceased.

40. Here the facts are totally different.

41. In Dhananjoy (supra), about the time or after the commission of the crime, two PWs

saw him come out in the balcony of the same flat in which the victim girl stayed when

they called out his name. Dhananjoy should not have gone to that flat as the father of

the victim girl filed a complaint against him upon the same his transfer from the

apartment was under consideration. Dhananjoy was immediately asked to come down

by those who called him and in response to their call, he came out on the balcony of that flat. Thus Dhananjoy's presence in the scene of crime at or about the time of

commission of the crime is not merely based on the circumstantial evidence.

42. Third point of difference is with respect to the behaviour of Dhananjoy after the crime.

43. In Dhananjoy (supra) there are two very suspicious conduct of his. One is after he came

down from the flat, Dhananjoy absconded.

44. After he came down, he spoke with the supervisor in a hurry and left the place. And

thereafter, he did not report back to the office for many days nor did he come to collect

his salary. He was later on found from his native village and his plea of alibi was found to

be "belated and vague" by this Court.

45. In this case the appellant did not abscond. He came to the same apartment on the next

day.

46. In Dhananjoy (supra), a cream coloured shirt button was found in the place of

occurrence and which matched with the buttons of his shirt handed over by the accused

to the police after he was apprehended. Also, a broken chain was found which was

proved to have been worn by Dhananjoy as it was recognized as being given to him by

one of the PWs.

47. Also, another item, i.e. a watch which was found from the Dhananjoy's house had been taken by him from the flat and belonged to the mother of the deceased.

48. Thus, these items connected unerringly Dhananjoy with the crime and are crucial in

nature.

49. There is no such evidence in this case.

50. Therefore imposition of death penalty in Dhananjoy (supra) does not justify the

imposition of the same sentence here.

51. In Megh Singh Vs. State of Punjab - (2003) 8 SCC 666, this Court held that in criminal

law one additional or different fact may make a world of difference between the

conclusions in two cases or between two accused in the same case.

52. Criminal cases depend on facts and a single significant factual detail may alter the entire

conclusion (para 18 page 671).

53. Death Penalty is a vexed subject in our legal system. In the 35 th Report of the Law

Commission on Capital Punishment, arguments for both its retention and abolition

were considered. The matter came to be considered by the Law Commission as,

Raghunath Mishra, Member of the Lok Sabha, moved a resolution in the House for its

abolition. And in the course of the debate, it was agreed that the question be referred

to the Law Commission.

54.The Commission gave a detailed Report running into several volumes. Ultimately the

Commission recommended its retention but also recommended certain amendments

of the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Indian Penal Code. Those

recommendations given in Appendix XLIV of the report run as under:

"1). The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 - A provision requiring reasons for imposing either sentence (of death or imprisonment for life) for an offence which is punishable with death or imprisonment for life in an alternative, should be inserted in the Code.

[Paragraphs 820-822 of the body of the Report]

2) Indian Penal Code - Persons below 18 years of age at the time of Commission of the offence should not be sentenced to death. [Paragraphs 878 and 887 of the body of the Report]"

55.The Commission's recommendations for its retention were given in a guarded

language and they may be quoted:-

"Having regard, however, to the conditions in India, to the variety of the social up- bringing of its inhabitants, to the disparity in the level of morality and education in the country, to the vastness of its area, to the diversity of its population and to the paramount need for maintaining law and order in the country at the present juncture, India cannot risk the experiment of abolition of capital punishment."

(Emphasis added)

56. Despite these recommendations, the validity of death sentence came up for

consideration before this Court on several occasions. In one of the earliest cases, in the

case of Jagmohan Singh Vs. State of U.P - AIR 1973 SC 947, this Court upheld its

validity, even though, it acknowledged that this is a difficult and controversial subject. Soon thereafter the matter came up for consideration before this Court again in Ediga

Anamma Vs. State of Andhra Pradesh - AIR 1974 SC 799, in which this Court laid

down that the life sentence should be the rule and death sentence is an exception. In that case Justice Krishna Iyer, speaking for this Court, gave certain guidelines in

paragraph 26 and described them as positive indicators against death sentence under

Indian law. Those guidelines are as follows:-

"26. Where the murderer is too young or too old the clemency of penal justice helps him. Where the offender suffers from socio-economic, psychic or penal compulsions insufficient to attract a legal exception or to downgrade the crime into a lesser one, judicial commutation is permissible. Other general social pressures, warranting judicial notice, with an extenuating impact may, in special cases, induce the lesser penalty. Extraordinary features in the judicial process, such as that the death sentence has hung over the head of the culprit excruciatingly long, may persuade the Court to be compassionate. Likewise, if others involved in the crime and similarly situated have received the benefit of life imprisonment or if the offence is only constructive, being under Section 302, read with Section 149, or again the accused has acted suddenly under another's instigation, without premeditation, perhaps the Court may humanly opt for life, even like where a just cause or real suspicion of wifely infidelity pushed the criminal into the crime. On the other hand, the weapons used and the manner of their use, the horrendous features of the crime and hapless, helpless state of the victim, and the like, steel the heart of the law for a sterner sentence. We cannot obviously feed into a judicial computer all such situations since they are astrological imponderables in an imperfect and undulating society. A legal policy on life or death cannot be left for ad hoc mood or individual predilection and so we have sought to objectify to the extent possible, abandoning retributive ruthlessness, amending the deterrent creed and accenting the trend against the extreme and irrevocable penalty of putting out life."

(Emphasis supplied)

57. Those formulations by Justice Krishna Iyer have been accepted in Amnesty International

Report of Death Penalty (See Amnesty International Publication, page 80 to 81).

58. The aforesaid formulations must be kept in mind by Courts while exercising their

discretion in imposing death penalty. His Lordship was of the view that individualization

of sentencing is normally achieved by a judicial `hunch' which according to His Lordship

was a procedural defect. In my judgment His Lordship's formulation of the principles in

Ediga Anamma (supra) is a systematic statement, which, in the language of Justice

Homes, may be called "inarticulate premises" which Court should consider before

imposing the death sentence. In Ediga Anamma (supra) Justice Krishna Iyer while tracing the history of capital punishment observed that its history "hopefully reflects the

march of civilization from terrorism to humanism and the geography of death penalty

depicts retreat from country after country." (See para 22 page 805).

59. The Constitution Bench in Bachan Singh (supra) considered the decision in Ediga

Anamma (supra) and did not express a contrary view on those guidelines. On the other

hand, it shared the same view, by quoting from Ediga in paragraph 207, page 945 of the

report.

60. But the categories of mitigating circumstances are never close and in paragraph 204

(page 944 of the said report) of Bachan Singh (supra), this Court recorded the

submissions of Dr. Chitaley, the learned counsel who suggested some further mitigating

factors. They are:-

"Mitigating circumstances:-- In the exercise of its discretion in the above cases, the court shall take into account the following circumstances:

(1) That the offence was committed under the influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance.

(2) The age of the accused. If the accused is young or old, he shall not be sentenced to death.

(3) The probability that the accused would not commit criminal acts of violence as would constitute a continuing threat to society.

(4) The probability that the accused can be reformed and rehabilitated. The State shall by evidence prove that the accused does not satisfy the conditions (3) and (4) above. (5) That in the facts and circumstances of the case the accused believed that he was morally justified in committing the offence.

(6) That the accused acted under the duress or domination of another person. (7) That the condition of the accused showed that he was mentally defective and that the said defect impaired his capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct."

61. After recording the submissions of the learned counsel, the Court in Paragraph 205 at page 944 of the report accorded its approval to the same by saying that those are

"undoubtedly relevant circumstances and must be given great weight in the

determination of sentence". Therefore apart from the mitigating circumstances

formulated in Ediga Anamma, those suggested by Dr. Chitaley and approved by this

Court, unless they overlap, form part of the ratio in Bachan Singh as mitigating

circumstances accepted by this Court.

62. In paragraph 207, the learned Judges held that there are numerous other circumstances

justifying the passing of the lighter sentence, as there may be circumstances of

aggravation.

63. In paragraph 207, in Bachan Singh, the learned Judges explained the principles in

sentencing policy under Section 354(3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. In my view

the provisions of Section 354(3) must be read conjointly with Section 235(2) of the said

Code.

64. In a case where the Court imposes the death sentence both the aforesaid provisions,

namely, Section 235(2) and Section 354(3) of the Code assume signal significance.

65. The Constitutional validity of Section 354(3) was upheld in Bachan Singh (supra) as the

learned Judges have said that the legislative policy in sentencing is discernable from

those two Sections.

66. In my judgment both those two Sections supplement each other and in a case where

death penalty is imposed, both the Sections must be harmoniously and conjointly

appreciated and read.

67. In Bachan Singh (supra), this Court interpreted those Sections almost in the similar view

as would appear from paragraphs 164 and 165 (page 936 of the report). The

Constitution Bench held :-

"164. ......Section 235(2) provides for a bifurcated trial and specifically gives the accused person a right of pre-sentence hearing, at which stage, he can bring on record material or evidence, which may not be strictly relevant to or connected with the particular crime under inquiry, but nevertheless, have, consistently with the policy underlined in Section 354(3), a bearing on the choice of sentence. The present legislative policy discernible from Section 235(2) read with Section 354(3) is that in fixing the degree of punishment or making the choice of sentence for various offences, including one under Section 302, Penal Code, the court should not confine its consideration "principally" or merely to the circumstances connected with the particular crime, but also give due consideration to the circumstances of the criminal.

68. In a criminal trial where the prosecution seeks to make out a case for imposition of death

sentence, it has to discharge a very heavy and an onerous burden. In such cases, the

prosecution must, and I repeat, must discharge this burden by demonstrating the

existence of aggravating circumstances and the consequential absence of mitigating

circumstances. In discharging such a burden the prosecution must not only prove

beyond reasonable doubt that the accused has committed the crime but in order to make

out a case for death sentence, it also has to prove beyond any reasonable doubt how

the crime has been committed and specially the aggravating circumstances which

warrant a death penalty. In such exercise by the prosecution, the accused must be

given a real and effective chance of rebuttal and to disprove the existence of aggravating

circumstance. Therefore apart from his examination under Section 313, the accused must be separately heard on the sentence to be imposed on him where he can

demonstrate all the mitigating circumstances. Those must be weighed in the balance

and they must receive a liberal and expansive interpretation by Court. In this context the

following observations in Bachan Singh (supra) are very pertinent:-

"...Nonetheless, it cannot be over-emphasised that the scope and concept of mitigating

factors in the area of death penalty must receive a liberal and expansive construction by

the courts in accord with the sentencing policy writ large in Section 354(3). Judges

should never be blood thirsty. Hanging of murderers has never been too good for them.

Facts and figures albeit incomplete, furnished by the Union of India, show that in the past

Courts have inflicted the extreme penalty with extreme infrequency............. It is,

therefore, imperative to voice the concern that courts, aided by the broad illustrative

guidelines indicated by us, will discharge the onerous function with evermore scrupulous

care and humane concern, directed along the highroad of legislative policy outlined in

Section 354(3), viz., that for persons convicted of murder, life imprisonment is the rule

and death sentence an exception. A real and abiding concern for the dignity of human

life postulates resistance to taking a life through law's instrumentality.

(Emphasis supplied)

69. From the records, it does not appear that adequate and effective hearing was given to

the accused by the trial court on the aforesaid basis before imposing the death sentence

on him. It appears that the Additional Sessions Judge, 9th Fast Track Court, Gujarat

returned a finding of guilt of the present appellant on 18.5.2005 and on that day itself

allegedly heard the appellant on the sentence and imposed death sentence on that day.

Unfortunately that is not the purpose of Section 235(2) of the Code.

70. Section 235(2) as interpreted by this Court in Bachan Singh (supra), and quoted above,

provides for a `bifurcated trial'. It gives the accused (i) a right of pre-sentence hearing, on which he can (ii) bring on record material or evidence which may not be (iii) strictly

relevant to or connected with the particular crime but (iv) may have a bearing on the

choice of sentence. Therefore it has to be a regular hearing like a trial and not a mere

empty formality or an exercise in an idle ritual. In view of the mitigating circumstances

endorsed in Bachan Singh (supra) the State must prove, by adducing evidence, that

accused does not satisfy clause (3) and (4) of the circumstances mentioned in

paragraph 204 (page 944 of the report) as those mitigating circumstances were

accepted in para 205 (page 944 of the report) in Bachan Singh (supra).

71. Here prosecution has not discharged any burden at all for less the burden referred to

above. This is a statutory obligation which is cast on the Court in a case where both

Sections 235(2) read with Section 354(3) apply in view of the law laid down in Bachan

Singh (supra). The mandate of Article 141 of the Constitution cannot be ignored either

by the trial Court or the High Court.

72. Therefore, regardless of whether the accused asks for such a hearing, the same must be

offered to the accused and an adequate opportunity for bringing materials on record

must be given to him especially in case where Section 354(3) comes into play. It is only

after undertaking that exercise that `special reasons' for imposing death penalty can be

recorded by the Court.

73. In the order imposing death sentence, the learned trial Judge has not even once referred

to Section 354(3) of the Code. Therefore, the imposing of death sentence by the learned trial Court is wholly illegal and contrary to the provisions of the Code of Criminal

Procedure and contrary to the law laid down by this Court in Bachan Singh (supra).

74. Even without referring to Bachan Singh, in Muniappan Vs. State of Tamil Nadu -

(1981) 3 SCC 11, a two judge bench of this Court emphasized on the importance of

hearing the accused on the question of sentence under Section 235(2) CrPC and came

to the conclusion that the question of hearing the accused on sentence was not to be

discharged without putting formal questions to the accused. The obligation of hearing the

accused under Section 235(2) CrPC has been explained as follows:-

"The Judge must make a genuine effort to elicit from the accused all information which will eventually bear on the question of sentence... question which the Judge can put to the accused under Section 235(2) and the answers which the accused makes to those questions are beyond the narrow constraints of the Evidence Act. The court, while on the question of sentence is in an altogether different domain in which facts and factors which operate are of an entirely different order than those which come into play on the question of conviction".

75. Relying on the principles laid down in Bachan Singh in Allauddin Mian Vs. State of

Bihar - (1989) 3 SCC 5, the Supreme Court deprecated the practice of the trial Court

which, after recording the finding of guilt and before the accused could "absorb and

overcome the shock of conviction" asked the accused to say on the question of

sentence. In the instant case, the same procedure was adopted as pointed out in Para

67 herein above. The learned Judges held that by doing so the purpose of Section

235(2) is not served.

76. The learned judges held that the provision of Section 235(2) of the CrPC serves a dual

purpose and those purposes are as follows:

"...The said provision therefore satisfies a dual purpose; it satisfies the rule of natural justice by according to the accused an opportunity of being heard on the question of sentence and at the same time helps the court to choose the sentence to be awarded. Since the provision is intended to give the accused an opportunity to place before the court all the relevant material having a bearing on the question of sentence there can be no doubt that the provision is salutary and must be strictly followed. It is clearly mandatory and should not be treated as a mere formality".

77. After observing as such, this Court mandated a general rule which should be followed in

sentencing, specially in cases of sentencing of Death Sentences and those general

principles are as follows:-

"...We think as a general rule the trial courts should after recording the conviction adjourn the matter to a future date and call upon both the prosecution as well as the defence to place the relevant material bearing on the question of sentence before it and thereafter pronounce the sentence to be imposed on the offender."

78. In a subsequent three judge bench judgment of Malkiyat Singh and others Vs. State

of Punjab -(1991) 4 SCC 341, this Court again reiterated in Para 18 at pg 356 of the

report that the sentence awarded on the same day when finding of the guilt was arrived

at is not in accordance with the law. Explaining the provisions under Section 235(2)

CrPC, this Court held:-

"Hearing contemplated is not confined merely to oral hearing but also intended to afford an opportunity to the prosecution as well as the accused to place before the court facts and material relating to various factors on the question of sentence, and if interested by either side, to have evidence adduced to show mitigating circumstances to impose a lesser sentence or aggravating grounds to impose death penalty. Therefore, sufficient time must be given to the accused or the prosecution on the question of sentence, to show the grounds on which the prosecution may plead or the accused may show that the maximum sentence of death may be the appropriate sentence or the minimum sentence of life imprisonment may be awarded, as the case may be. No doubt the accused declined to adduce oral evidence. But it does not prevent to show the grounds to impose lesser sentence on A-1. This Court in the aforestated Allauddin and Anguswamy cases held that the sentence awarded on the same day of finding guilt is not in accordance with the law".

79. In Arshad v. State of Karnataka - (1994) 4 SCC 383, this Court through Justice Anand

(as his Lordship was then) again deplored the practice of proving guilt and sentencing on the same day. In that case, both was done on 8-5-92 itself and by a cryptic order. This

Court held that the objective for which Section 235(2) was brought into the Code was

completely ignored by the Session Judge and the Learned Judge disapproved the

sentencing procedure in a cryptic manner. It was held that it exposes the lack of

sensitiveness on the part of the Court in dealing with such cases. (Para 17, pg. 389 of

report).

80. The High Court, unfortunately as the first appellate Court, both on facts and in law, has

confirmed the death sentence without pointing out these glaring illegalities in sentencing

procedure of the trial Court and especially in a case where a death penalty has been

imposed.

81. The duties cast on the High Court, while dealing with reference for confirmation of death

penalty under Sections 366, 367, 368, 369 and 370 of Code were also pointed out in

Bachan Singh in paragraphs 157, 158, 159 at page 934 of the report. In paragraph

159, the position has been summed up as under:-

"159. The High Court has been given very wide powers under these provisions to prevent

any possible miscarriage of justice. In State of Maharashtra v. Sindhi, AIR 1975 SC 1665

this Court reiterated, with emphasis, that while dealing with a reference for confirmation of

a sentence of death, the High Court must consider the proceedings in all their aspects,

reappraise, reassess and reconsider the entire facts and law and, if necessary, after

taking additional evidence, come to its own conclusions on the material on record in

regard to the conviction of the accused (and the sentence) independently of the view

expressed by the Sessions Judge".

82. Unfortunately in this case High Court failed to correct the flawed sentencing procedure

followed by the trial Court and erred in law by confirming the death sentence which led to

an obvious miscarriage of justice.

83. The challenge to the constitutionality of death sentence was repelled in Bachan Singh

(supra) only in view of the legislative safeguards given in the sentencing policy in the

aforesaid provisions of Sections 235(2) and 354(3) of the Code. The Court has held that

such procedure "cannot, by any reckoning, be said to be unfair, unreasonable and

unjust" (para 167, page 937).

84. Thus, it appears that this Court upheld the constitutionality of death penalty on the

aforesaid doctrine of `due process' which has been introduced in our constitutional

jurisprudence in the case of Smt. Maneka Gandhi Vs. Union of India and another -

AIR 1978 SC 597.

85. By repeatedly referring to the dicta in Maneka Gandhi (supra), the majority judgment in

Bachan Singh (supra) upheld the vires of the provisions of Indian Penal Code on death

penalty in view of the reasonable, fair and just procedures which are provided in the

sentencing policy by those Sections in the Criminal Procedure Code (paras 135 and 136,

page 930 of the report).

86. Similarly in Furman V. Georgia - 408 U.S. 238 (1972),U.S. Supreme Court impliedly overruled its earlier decision in McGautha V. California - 402 U.S. 183, 196 (1971). In

this context it may be mentioned that in nine separate opinions the learned Judges

struck down in Furman Vs. Georgia by a majority of 5-4, the death penalty statutes at

issue as cruel and unusual in view of the denial of the `due process' guaranteed by the

Fourteenth Amendment.

87. Learned Judges in Furman observed that the sentencing policy was not properly

structured and, therefore, it causes denial of Fundamental Rights.

88. The Supreme Court in Bachan Singh (supra) also insisted on the importance of

structured sentencing policy in death sentence cases to uphold its validity and held that

structured sentencing policy has been achieved in view of the aforesaid two provisions,

namely, Section 354(3) and Section 235(2) of the Code.

89. Therefore fairness, justice and reasonableness which constitute the essence of

guarantee of life and liberty epitomized in Article 21 of the Constitution also pervades the

sentencing policy in Sections 235(2) and 354(3) of the Code. Those two provisions

virtually assimilate the concept of "procedure established by law" within the meaning of

Article 21 of the Constitution.

90. Thus, a strict compliance with those provisions in the way it was interpreted in Bachan

Singh (supra) having regard to the development of constitutional law by this Court, is a must before death sentence can be imposed.

91. While I fully share my learned Brother's anxiety about the expectation of society to the

adequacy of the sentence to the nature of the crime, at the same time, we cannot be

oblivious of the person who is alleged to have committed the crime and his rights under a

fair and structured sentencing policy. This Court laid down in Bachan Singh (supra) that

before imposing death sentence, an abiding concern for the dignity of human life must

be shown by Court.

92. We must recognize that `cry for justice' is not answered by frequent awarding of death

sentence on a purported faith on `deterrence creed'. Before choosing the option for

death sentence, the Court must consciously eschew its tendency of `retributive

ruthlessness'.

93. In Bachan Singh (supra), the majority opinion warned in paragraph 125, page 927:-

"that Judges should not take upon themselves the responsibility of becoming oracles or spokemen of public opinion: Not being representatives of the people, it is often better, as a matter of judicial restraint, to leave the function of assessing public opinion to the chosen representatives of the people in the legislature concerned.

94. Therefore, this Court cannot afford to prioritise the sentiments of outrage about the

nature of the crimes committed over the requirement to carefully consider whether the

person committing the crime is a threat to the society. The Court must consider whether

there is a possibility of reform or rehabilitation of the man committing the crime and

which must be at the heart of the sentencing process. It is only this approach that can keep imposition of death sentence within the `rarest of the rare cases'.

95. The expression `rarest of rare cases' is not to be read as a mere play on words or a

tautologous expression.

96. In upholding the constitutional validity of capital punishment, the Constitution Bench of

this Court used that expression in Bachan Singh in order to read down and confine the

imposition of capital punishment to extremely limited cases. This is a very loaded

expression and is not to trifled with. It is pregnant with respect for the inviolability of

human life. That is why the word `rare' has been used twice and once in a superlative

sense. Therefore, the significance of this expression cannot be watered down on a

perceived notion of a `cry for justice'.

97. I now propose rely on a few decisions to show how this expression `rarest of rare case'

has been interpreted by this Court even where the accused was found guilty of both

murder and rape and death sentence was awarded by the trial Court and the High Court

confirmed it.

98. In the case of Chaman Vs. Stae of NCT- (2001) 2 SCC 28, the Court after finding the

commission of crime held that a girl of 1 and = years was raped and killed but did not

approve of the death sentence imposed on him by the Courts below and imposed on him

a life sentence as this Court found that the appellant is not a dangerous person to

endanger the society and the case is not coming within the parameters of the `rarest of rare case'.

99. In the case of Bantu @ Naresh Giri Vs. State of Uttar Pradesh- AIR 2002 S.C. 70, the

accused was sentenced to death for the rape and murder of a 6 year old child. In Para 8

of the said judgment, the Learned judges after considering the age of the accused and

also the fact that he did not have any past criminal record held that the accused will not

be a grave danger to society and further held that the case does not fall under the rarest

of rare cases and death sentence was commuted to life sentence.

100.In Surendra Pal Singh Vs. State of Gujarat- (2005) 3 SCC 127, a minor girl was raped

and killed and the Sessions Court imposed death penalty and the High Court of Gujarat

also affirmed the same. But this Court found that the case does not fall under the rarest

of rare cases and considering that the appellant was 36 years old and has no previous

criminal record, held that he was not a menace to society. This Court held that it was not

a rarest of rare cases and confirmed the conviction but commuted the sentence from

death sentence to life imprisonment.

101.In Amrit Singh Vs. State of Punjab- AIR 2002 SC 132, the accused was found guilty of

rape of a minor girl and also of her death. Death occurred not as a result of strangulation

but due to excessive bleeding from her private parts. In that case, the Trial Court

sentenced the accused to death sentence which was confirmed by the High Court of

Punjab and Haryana in a reference proceeding before it.

102.In para 21 of page 136 of the judgment, this Court held that the imposition of death

sentence in such cases was improper and it cannot be put in the category of rarest of

rare cases and the Court imposed a sentence of rigorous imprisonment for life on that

ground.

103.In the case of Kulwinder Singh Vs. State of Punjab- AIR 2007 SC 2868, Hardip Kaur

was found to have been raped by the accused and on her protest, she was found to

have been strangulated as a result of which she died. Another person, Joginder Kaur

also died in the same incident as a result of injuries received from gandashi blows

inflicted on the neck by the accused. In that case, the death sentence was commuted to

imprisonment for life as the Court found that it cannot be brought in the category of

rarest of rare cases.

104.Keeping these principles in mind, I find that in the instant case the appellant is a young

man and his age was 28 years old as per the version in the charge-sheet. He is married

and has two daughters. He has no criminal antecedents, at least none has been brought

on record. His behaviour in general was not objectionable and certainly not with the

deceased girl prior to the incident. The unfortunate incident is possibly the first crime

committed by the appellant. He is not otherwise a criminal. Such a person is not a threat

to the society. His entire life is ahead of him.

105.Before I conclude, if I may quote a few lines from Sir Winston Churchill about Crime and

Punishment and which have been quoted by C.H. Rolph in "Commonsense about Crime and Punishment, page 175". Those matchless words of Sir Winston Churchill are as

under:-

"The mood and temper of the public with regard to the treatment of crime and criminals is one of the unfailing tests of the civilization of any country. A calm, dispassionate, recognition of the rights of the accused - and even of the convicted - criminal against the State; a constant heart-searching by all charged with the duty of punishment; a desire and eagerness to rehabilitate in the world of industry those who have paid their due in the hard coinage of punishment; tireless efforts towards the discovery of curative and regenerative processes; unfailing faith that there is a treasure, if you can only find it, in the heart of every man; these are the symbols which in the treatment of crime and criminal, mark and measure the stored-up strength of a nation, and are sign and proof of the living virtue in it".

106.For the reasons discussed above and in view of mitigating circumstances and the law

laid down in Bachan Singh (supra) and the various gaps in the prosecution evidence,

pointed hereinabove, death sentence cannot be awarded to the appellant as in my view

it does not come under the `rarest of rare cases'. Apart from that in the case of the

appellant proper sentencing procedure was not followed by the trial Court and the

Hon'ble High Court erred by approving the same. But I do not agree with his conviction

on charges of robbery which, in my opinion, was not proved and on the alleged

conviction on robbery no sentence was awarded to the appellant.

107.I agree with His Lordship that the appellant has to be convicted on other charges.

However, his conviction does not automatically lead to his death sentence.

108.In my humble opinion instead of death sentence a sentence of rigorous imprisonment

for life will serve the ends of justice.

109.With the aforesaid modification on the sentence the appeal is dismissed to the extent

indicated above.

.......................J. New Delhi (ASOK KUMAR GANGULY) April 27, 2009