Padmanaban vs State By Inspector Of Police, Tamil Nadu

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1375 2009 [Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 6729 of 2006]

Padmanaban ... Appellant

VERSUS

State By Inspector of Police, Tamil Nadu ... Respondent

WITH

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1376 2009 [Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 3262 of 2007]

JUDGMENT

S.B. Sinha, J.

1. Leave granted.

2. Bammiyampatti is a small village situated in the District of Salem in the

State of Tamil Nadu. Amongst others, it is inhabitated by two communities

known as `Naidu' community and `Adi Dravida' community. The fact that

there has been longstanding enmity between the members of the said

communities is not in dispute.

2

3. A function was to be organized by Adi Dravida community. Rangasamy,

deceased was having a grocery shop. He despite being belonging to the Naidu

community, permitted the members of the other community to take electricity

from his shop. Having come to learn of the same, the accused persons,

originally eight in number, got infuriated. Rangasamy was threatened with dire

consequences for his act in supplying electrical energy to the members

belonging to the Adi-Dravida community at about 10 p.m. on 29.03.1997. Next

morning, i.e., on 30.03.1997, at about 11.30 a.m., the accused persons came to

his shop with casuarina sticks, trespassed therein and at the instigation of

Accused No. 1 T. Purushothaman Accused No. 3 Murugan and Accused Nos. 6

to 8 caught him whereafter Accused No. 2 Ravi hit the deceased with a

casuarina stick on the left side of the head, Accused No. 4 Mohan assaulted him

on the right side of the head with a casuarina stick and Accused No. 5 V.

Padmanaban assaulted him on the right side of the face near the eye causing

grievous injuries to him. The incident was witnessed by PW-1 Viswanathan,

PW-2 Chandra and PW-3 Raman.

It is not much in dispute that PWs 1 and 2 along with one Govindasamy

took the injured Rangasamy to the Omalur Government Hospital at about 12.20

p.m. He was treated by Dr. Kumudha Rani, PW-7. Mention of the incident

found place in the accident register (Exhibit P-14). The deceased was referred 3

to the Government Hospital, Salem for further treatment by PW-7, upon taking

into consideration the seriousness of the injuries suffered by him.

The Omalur Government Hospital at Salem was situated at a distance of

about 23 kms. from the place of occurrence. The deceased was examined by Dr.

G. Sundaramurthy, PW-8 at about 1.00 p.m. It is evidenced by the entries in the

Accident Register which was marked as Exhibit P-15. However, the injured

was taken to a private nursing home known as Shanmuga Nursing Home. It is

also not in dispute that despite making entries in the accident registers both by

the attending doctors at the Omalur Government Hospital as also Salem

Government Hospital, the SHO of the concerned police station was not

intimated thereabout. Dr. Murugavel, PW-9 examined Rangasamy. He,

however, did not respond to the treatment. He expired at about 4.00 a.m. on

31.03.1997.

4. PW-1 lodged a First Information Report at about 8.30 p.m. on

30.03.1997. The said First Information Report was recorded by PW-13 V.

Shanmugham, Inspector of Police of Theevattippatti Police Station. It was

registered as Crime Case No. 184 of 1997 under Sections 147, 148, 452, 341

and 307 of the Indian Penal Code. On the death of Rangasamy, however, the

charge was altered by PW-13 to Sections 147, 148, 452, 341 and 302 of the

Indian Penal Code. The body of the deceased was sent for post mortem 4

examination. The post mortem report suggests that he died because of head

injuries sustained by him.

5. At the outset, we may place on record that the Accused No. 1 absconded.

He did not face trial. Accused No. 3 died during pendency of the trial and, thus,

the case against him abated.

6. Before the Additional District and Sessions Court - cum - First Fast

Track Court, Salem, the prosecution examined 13 witnesses to prove its case

against the accused person. A large number of documents being Exhibits P-1 to

P-32 were also marked. Material exhibits brought on record were marked as

MOs 1 to 12.

The learned Sessions Judge recorded a judgment of conviction against

Accused Nos. 2 and 4 to 8. They were sentenced to undergo rigorous

imprisonment for life. A fine of Rs. 500/- was also imposed on them and in

default thereof to undergo rigorous imprisonment for 50 days.

7. Accused Nos. 2 and 4 to 8 preferred appeals before the High Court

questioning the correctness of the said judgment of conviction and sentence. By

reason of the impugned judgment, whereas the High Court accepted the appeals

preferred by the Accused Nos. 6 to 8 on the premise that no overt act had been 5

attributed to them as also on the ground that PW-3 did not assign any specific

role so far as they are concerned, dismissed the appeals of the appellants herein.

8. Appellants are, thus, before us.

9. Mr. P.R. Kovilan Poongkuntran, learned counsel appearing on behalf of

Accused No. 2 Ravi and Accused No. 4 Mohan, Mr. V. Kanagraj, learned

senior counsel appearing on behalf of the Accused No. 5 Padmanaban

submitted:

(i) The prosecution having regard to the genesis of the occurrence

cannot be said to have proved its case beyond all reasonable doubt.

(ii) The conduct of the prosecution witnesses should be held to be

suspicious as they had taken the deceased to a hospital which is 23

kms. away from the place of occurrence.

(iii) Despite the fact that the police station was adjacent to the hospital,

no First Information Report was lodged although the concerned

prosecution witnesses had sufficient time therefor.

(iv) The delay in lodging the First Information Report has not been

explained.

6 (v) The doctors PWs 7 and 8 who were said to have treated the

deceased even did not inform the police although the incident was

recorded in the accident registers [Exhibits P-14 and P-15].

(vi) All the accused persons having allegedly gone to the shop of the

deceased with a common intention, there was absolutely no reason

as to why all of them were not treated alike having regard to the

fact that the Accused Nos. 6 to 8 were acquitted of the charges

levelled against them by the High Court.

(vii) The High Court committed a serious error in passing the impugned

judgment insofar as it failed to take into consideration the

individual overt acts of the appellants herein in the light of

deposition of PWs 1, 2 and 3.

(viii) No reliance ought to have been placed on the deposition of PW-1

as occurrence having been taken place inside a structure, he could

not have witnessed the incident in its minutest details from a

distance of 10 feet.

(ix) PWs 1 and 2 being closely related to the deceased, no reliance

should have been placed on their testimonies by the High Court

without any corroborative evidence. PW-3, who otherwise is a

chance witness, also should not have been relied upon.

7 (x) The prosecution having failed to establish existence of any strong

motive on the part of the appellants to join their hands together in

committing the offence, the High Court should have recorded a

judgment of acquittal.

(xi) In any event, the appellants having no intention to cause death of

the deceased, at best, a case under Section 304, Part II of the Indian

Penal Code has been made out.

10. Mr. R. Nedumaran, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the State,

however, supported the impugned judgment.

11. PW-1 Vishwanathan, in his deposition, stated in details as to how all the

accused persons came to the grocery shop of the deceased and vandalized the

same.

The shop of the PW-1 was adjacent to the shop of the deceased.

According to him, the appellants were armed with casuarina sticks. He

furthermore stated that it was at the instance of Accused No. 1 Purushothaman,

Accused No. 4 Mohan struck a blow on the right side of the head of the

deceased as a result whereof he fell down whereafter Accused No. 2 Ravi 8

assaulted him on the left side of the head and Accused No. 5 Padmanaban

assaulted him on his face near the right eye.

The evidence of PW-1 is sufficiently corroborated by PW-2 Chandra and

PW-3 Raman.

12. It is also not in dispute that the deceased at the earliest possible

opportunity was taken to the Omalur Government Hospital and on being

referred to the Government Hospital, Salem was taken there. As the Chief

Medical Officer of the Government Hospital, Salem was not available, for

better medical treatment, the deceased was taken to the Shanmuga Nursing

Home.

13. PW-7 Dr. Kumudha Rani, who was an Assistant Surgeon in the Omalur

Government Hospital found the following injuries on the person of the

deceased:

"1. A lacerated wound 10 cm x 1 cm x = cm over right parietal bone near midline.

2. A lacerated wound 8 cm x 1 cm x = cm over left parietal bone near midline.

9 3. Contusion 4 cm x 3 cm right upper eye lid."

14. Dr. G. Sundaramurthy, PW-8 who was working at Government Hospital,

Salem admittedly treated the deceased as an in patient. The deceased was

admitted in the Shanmugha Nursing Home at about 6.35 p.m.

PW-13 V. Shanmugham, Inspector of Police of Theevattippatti Police

Station received a telephonic message from the Nursing Home. He arrived at

the Nursing Home at about 7 O'Clock, recorded the statement of Viswanathan,

brother-in-law of the deceased (PW-1). The First Information Report was

registered by him after coming back to the police station at about 8.30 p.m. He

visited the place of occurrence on the next day. By that time, as noticed

hereinbefore, the deceased breathed his last.

15. The post-mortem examination of the deceased was conducted by PW-11

Dr. Vallinayagam. The injuries found by him on the person of the deceased are

as under:

"1. A lacerated wound on the right side of the crown of the head.

10 2. A lacerated wound on the left side of the crown of the head.

3. Contusion over the right eye brow.

4. Further, on the crown of the head, a lacerated wound on the right side.

5. Contusion on the back side of the head."

PW-11 also recorded the manner in which the incident had taken place as

also the weapons of attack. Indisputably, the casuarina sticks were recovered on

the basis of the statements of the appellants. Both the courts below have placed

implicit reliance on the evidence of PWs 1, 2 and 3. We have been taken

through their depositions and we do not find any reason to differ therewith.

16. PWs 1 and 2 may be closely related to the deceased but the same, in our

opinion, by itself, would not be a ground for rejecting their testimonies outright.

PW-3 was not related to the deceased. The injuries suffered by the deceased

have been proved. The medical evidences in no uncertain terms corroborate the

depositions of the eye-witnesses. The injuries on the person of the deceased

were found to have been inflicted by the appellants and the appellants alone.

The fact that the shop of the deceased was located near the residential colony of

the members of the Adi Dravida Community is not in dispute. It is also not in

dispute that they held a function on the Republic Day. The fact that electrical 11

connection was taken from the shop premises of the deceased wherefor a case

for theft of electrical energy was recorded has been established.

The eye-witnesses account clearly proved the motive on the part of the

accused to commit the said offence. The deceased being a member of the Naidu

Community was reprimanded by his community member as he had tried to do

something for the members of the other community.

Appellants along with others were members of an unlawful assembly.

They came to the shop of the deceased with deadly weapons. It was witnessed,

apart from PWs 1 and 2 also, by PW-3 who was owner of a tailoring shop

which was situated by the side of the shop of the deceased. PW-3 was a witness

to both part of the occurrence, viz., the action on the part of the accused to come

to the shop of the deceased and threatening him in the night of 29.03.1997 and

their visit on the following morning and assaulting the deceased ultimately

resulting in his death. The occurrence might have taken place on Sunday but

there is nothing to show that the shops were closed.

17. Submission of Mr. Kanagraj that PW-1 could not have seen the

occurrence from a distance of 10 feet cannot be accepted. The occurrence has 12

taken place inside a shop and not inside a residential house. The shop being

open, we find no reason to disbelieve the deposition of PW-1 to state in details

in regard to the manner in which the occurrence had taken place.

Presence of PWs 2 and 3 at the place of occurrence has also been found

to be acceptable by the courts below.

18. Some delay might have been caused in lodging of the First Information

Report, but, the same has sufficiently been explained. It is true that PW-7 in his

evidence stated that he had sent the information to the police station but he also

admitted that the same was not recorded in the accident register. PW-7 was

examined on 22.04.2003., i.e., after a period of more than six years from the

date of the incident. At the time of his deposition, he was working in the ESI

Hospital, Salem as Medical Officer. The Inspector of Police PW-13 in his

evidence categorically stated that he received the telephonic message at about 6

O'Clock in the evening from the Nursing Home and he reached there at about 7

O'Clock. We do not find any reason to disbelieve the said evidence brought on

record by the prosecution.

13

19. No doubt lodging of a First Information Report at the earliest possible

opportunity is desirable. But, the courts cannot also ignore the ground realities

that the relatives of the deceased would give priority to the treatment of a

severely injured person. All attempts would first be made to save his life. The

action on the part of the prosecution witnesses, in our considered opinion, in

giving priority to the treatment to the injured was wholly justifiable.

20. PW-4 Sekaran, son of the deceased in his deposition, who has not been

cross-examined, categorically stated that he had been working in a company

known as Power Held Corporation of India at K.R. Thoppur. He was informed

about the incident by his maternal aunt Chandra (PW-2) when she came in a car

and took him to the Shanmugha Nursing Home where the deceased was

admitted in its Intensive Care Unit. The fact that he had to be brought to the

Nursing Home by PWs is again a pointer to the fact that they were busy in not

only making arrangements for proper medical treatment of the deceased but also

intimating the son of the deceased (PW-4) and bringing him to the hospital at

the earliest possible opportunity. We, therefore, are of the opinion that the

delay in lodging the First Information Report has sufficiently been explained.

21. Submission of Mr. Kanagraj that PWs 2 and 3 are chance witnesses again

cannot be accepted. PW-3, as noticed hereinbefore, is owner of a tailoring shop 14

which is situated by the side of the shop belonging to the deceased. The place

of occurrence is a small village. PW-2's presence, therefore, at the place of

occurrence, cannot be doubted or disputed.

22. It is also idle to contend that the appellants had no motive to kill the

deceased. Prosecution witnesses in their depositions clearly brought out the

motive on the part of the accused to commit the crime.

23. Submission of Mr. Kanagraj that the appellants had committed an offence

only under Section 304, Part II of the Indian Penal Code cannot be accepted for

more than one reason. Appellants had formed an unlawful assembly. They

came to the place of occurrence with deadly weapons. The overt acts attributed

to them resulted in causing serious injuries on the head of the deceased. They

not only were grievous in nature, the skull of the deceased was also found

fractured. The intensity of the assault on the person of the deceased by the

appellants, therefore, can be well imagined. When three injuries have been

caused on vital parts of the body, we have no doubt in our mind that the

appellants knew that the said injuries were likely to cause death or cause such

bodily injury which may result in death.

15

24. In Virsa Singh v. State of Punjab [AIR 1958 SC 465] Bose, J. laid down

the legal principle in this behalf in the following terms:

"In considering whether the intention was to inflict the injury found to have been inflicted, the enquiry necessarily proceeds on broad lines as, for example, whether there was an intention to strike at a vital or a dangerous spot, and whether with sufficient force to cause the kind of injury found to have been inflicted. It is, of course, not necessary to enquire into every last detail as, for instance, whether the prisoner intended to have the bowels fall out, or whether he intended to penetrate the liver or the kidneys or the heart. Otherwise, a man who has no knowledge of anatomy could never be convict, for, if he does not know that there is a heart or a kidney or bowels, he cannot be said to have intended to injure them. Of course, that is not the kind of enquiry. It is broad-based and simple and based on commonsense; the kind of enquiry that `twelve good men and true' could readily appreciate and understand."

25. The aforementioned dicta has been followed by this Court in a large

number of decisions including Kesar Singh & Anr. v. State of Haryana [2008

(6) SCALE 433]. In view of the well-settled legal position, we need not refer to

all the decisions of this Court operating in the field, but, we may notice Kesar

Singh (supra).

16

Therein this Court considered a large number of decisions and stated the

law in the following terms:

"To put it shortly, the prosecution must prove the following facts before it can bring a case under Section 300, "3rdly":

First, it must establish, quite objectively, that a bodily injury is present;

Secondly, the nature of the injury must be proved; These are purely objective investigations.

Thirdly, it must be proved that there was an intention to inflict that particular bodily injury, that is to say, that it was not accidental or unintentional, or that some other kind of injury was intended. Once these three elements are proved to be present, the enquiry proceeds further and,

Fourthly, it must be proved that the injury of the type just described made up of the three elements set out above is sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of nature. This part of the enquiry is purely objective and inferential and has nothing to do with the intention of the offender.

Once these four elements are established by the prosecution (and, indisputably, the burden is on the prosecution throughout) the offence is murder under Section 300, "3rdly". It does not matter that there was no intention to cause death. It does not matter that there was no intention even to cause an injury of a kind that is sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of nature (not that there is any real distinction between the two). It does not even matter that there is no knowledge that an act of that kind will be likely to cause death. Once the intention to cause the bodily injury is actually found to be proved, the rest of the 17

enquiry is purely objective and the only question is whether, as a matter of purely objective inference, the injury is sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death..."

In Kesar Singh (supra), this Court noticed the deviation from Virsa Singh

tests beginning from State of Andhra Pradesh v. Rayavarapu Punnayya and Anr,

[(1976) 4 SCC 382], to hold:

"Unfortunately, the propositions in Virsa Singh have not been rigidly followed subsequently. For example, in State of Andhra Pradesh v. Rayavarapu Punnayya and Anr, [(1976) 4 SCC 382], the enquiry became one of whether the accused intended to cause the ultimate internal injury that led to death i.e. the Court inferred, from the surrounding facts and circumstances in that case that the accused had intended to cause the hemorrhage etc that ultimately led to death."

This Court furthermore noticed the importance of the term "fight" used in

Section 299 of the Indian Penal Code to opine:

"The word "fight" is used to convey something more than a verbal quarrel. It postulates a bilateral transaction in which blows are exchanged. In order to constitute a fight, it is necessary that blows should be exchanged even if they all do not find their target. [Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, Vol 2, page 1364, Footnote 4] No material in this regard has been brought on record."

18 [See also Mohd. Asif v. State of Uttaranchal JT 2009 (4) SC 1 and Bala

Baine Linga Raju v. State of A.P., 2009 (7) SCALE 73]

26. For the reasons aforementioned, we do not find any merit in these

appeals. They are dismissed accordingly.

.....................................J. [S.B. Sinha]

.....................................J. [Cyriac Joseph]

New Delhi;

July 31, 2009