P.V.Indiresan vs Union Of India & Ors

P.V. Indiresan ... Appellant

Vs.

Union of India & Ors. ... Respondents

J U D G M E N T

R.V.RAVEENDRAN, J.

Leave granted.

2. This appeal raises a short but important question relating to the

implementation of the 27% reservation for other backward classes (for short

`OBCs') in Central Educational Institutions under the Central Educational

Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006 (Act No.5 of 2007) (for

short `CEI Act'). The question relates to the meaning of the words "cut-off

marks" used in the clarificatory order dated 14.10.2008 in P.V. Indiresan &

Ors. v. Union of India - (2009) 7 SCC 300, in regard to the decision of the

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Constitution Bench in Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India - (2008) 6

SCC 1.

Background

3. The constitutional validity of the Constitution (Ninety-third

Amendment) Act, 2005 as also the constitutional validity of CEI Act were

considered and upheld by a Constitution Bench of this Court on 10.4.2008

reported in Ashoka Kumar Thakur vs. Union of India (for short `A.K.

Thakur'). Four separate opinions were rendered in the said decision by the

learned Chief Justice of India, Pasayat J. (for himself and Thakker J),

Raveendran J. (one of us) and Bhandari J. On the basis of the four opinions,

the Constitution Bench formulated the following common order on which

there was unanimity :-

"668. The Constitution (Ninety-third Amendment) Act, 2005, is valid and

does not violate the "basic structure" of the Constitution so far as it relates

to the State-maintained institutions and aided educational institutions.

Question whether the Constitution (Ninety-third Amendment) Act, 2005

would be constitutionally valid or not so far as "private unaided"

educational institutions are concerned, is not considered and left open to

be decided in an appropriate case. Bhandari, J. in his opinion, has,

however, considered the issue and has held that the Constitution (Ninety-

third Amendment) Act, 2005, is not constitutionally valid so far as private

unaided educational institutions are concerned.

669. Act 5 of 2007 is constitutionally valid subject to the definition of

"Other Backward Classes" in Section 2(g) of Act 5 of 2007 being clarified

as follows: If the determination of "Other Backward Classes" by the

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Central Government is with reference to a caste, it shall exclude the

"creamy layer" among such caste.

670. Quantum of reservation of 27% of seats to Other Backward Classes

in the educational institutions provided in the Act is not illegal.

671. Act 5 of 2007 is not invalid for the reason that there is no time-limit

prescribed for its operation but majority of the Judges are of the view that

the review should be made as to the need for continuance of reservation at

the end of 5 years.

4. The petitioner herein made an application in A. K. Thakur alleging

that some central educational institutions were interpreting the decision

contrary to the law laid down therein and sought the following

directions/clarifications :

(a) that the limit of cut-off marks for admission of students in the

OBC quota in Central Educational Institutions be a maximum

10 marks below the cut-off for the general category;

(b) that all vacant seats in the reserved quota after the seats have

been filled in accordance with (a) above shall automatically

revert to the general category;

5. The said application was heard and disposed of by the Constitution

Bench by the following Order dated 14.10.2008 (record of proceedings

reported in P V Indiresan Vs. Union of India - 2009 (7) SCC 300) :

"1. The applicants have prayed for two reliefs in this application. This

application is an offshoot of the judgment passed by the Constitution

Bench of this Court on 10.4.2008.

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2. A question had been raised in this application as to what should be

the extent of cut-off marks for admission of students of OBCs in

the Central Educational Institutions. Having heard the learned

Solicitor General of India and learned Senior Counsel on both the

sides and also having regard to the observations made in the judgments

pronounced by this Court, we make it clear that the maximum cut-off

marks for OBCs be 10% below the cut-off marks of general

category candidates.

3. We are told that in many of the Central Educational Institutions the seats

which are to be filled up by OBC candidates are still remaining vacant.

These institutions may endeavour to fill up these vacant seats by other

eligible students at the earliest i.e at least by the end of October 2008

observing inter se merit of the candidates. All other rules and regulations

regarding admissions shall be strictly followed. The application is

disposed of accordingly."

(emphasis supplied)

The Government of India by official memorandum dated 17.10.2008

directed that the said order dated 14.10.2008 be implemented by the Central

Educational Institutions by ensuring that the maximum cut-off marks of

OBCs are not kept lower than 10% from the cut-off marks for general

category candidates as directed by this Court.

6. The Jawaharlal Nehru University (for short `JNU'), second

respondent herein, interpreted the said order of this Court dated 14.10.2008

to mean that the minimum marks for admission to be secured by an OBC

candidate should not be less than the marks secured by the last student

admitted under general category less 10%. The admissions for 2008-09 and

2009-10 were done on that basis. As a result, it would appear considerable

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number of OBC seats got reverted to general category for non-availability of

eligible OBC students with the required marks. Therefore, the standing

committee on admissions of JNU, at its meeting held on 10.6.2010,

considered the ways and means to fulfill 27% quota for OBC students for

2010-11. The Committee noted the difference between eligibility, qualifying

marks and cut-off marks as under:

"Eligibility for applying for admission refers to the pre-

requisite of the last qualifying examination such as school

leaving, graduation, etc. [Eg. : for admission to MA course, the

applicant should have secured a minimum of 50% marks in the

BA Course].

Qualifying marks refer to the minimum marks in the entrance

examination decided by the University in advance which it

deems fit to preserve the academic standards. [Eg.: For

admission, the candidate possessing eligibility, should secure a

minimum of 30% in the entrance examination].

Cut-off marks for the merit list are decided on the basis of

number of seats available in each programme/division, in the

merit list prepared of all candidates having obtained equal to or

above qualifying marks. [Eg.: The marks secured by the

candidate allotted/admitted to the last of the General category

seats, becomes the cut-off marks for general category]."

As there was some divergence in views as to whether the procedure

followed in 2008-09 and 2009-10 should be continued, the following two

proposals were placed before the Deans Committee:

6 (i) The current policy and procedure to consider the cut-off as per

the definition given above and to provide for OBC category

(creamy layer excluded) a maximum relaxation of 10% below

the cut-off marks arrived for unreserved category candidates.

However, in accordance with the Ashok Kumar Thakur judgment

after giving maximum possible relaxation, wherever the non-

creamy layer OBC candidates fail to fill the reservation, the

remaining seats would revert to general category students.

Or

(ii) To consider the minimum qualifying marks in the entrance

examination approval by it as the cut-off to provide maximum

relaxation of 10% to OBC candidates (creamy layer excluded)

below the cut-off of general candidates as per the interpretation

of the Supreme Court judgment by fixing cut-off in advance for

admission in various programmes of study to OBC candidates

(creamy layer excluded) to be implemented in this year, i.e.

2010-11 admissions. The merit list will be drawn as per the

admission policy of the University and approval intake and

offers. However, in accordance with the Ashok Kumar Thakur

judgment after giving maximum possible relaxation, wherever

the non-creamy layer OBC candidates fail to fill the reservation,

the remaining seats would revert to general category students."

7. The Deans Committee of JNU discussed the issue at its meeting dated

17.6.2010, considered the proposals of the Standing Committee on

Admissions and resolved as follows in regard to the admissions of OBC

candidates for the academic year 2010-2011:

"The Deans Committee after detailed discussion decided to accept the

second proposal of the Standing Committee on Admissions viz. to treat the

minimum qualifying marks in the entrance examinations as the cut-off to

provide maximum relaxation of 10% to OBC candidates (creamy layer

excluded) below the cut-off of general candidates as per the interpretation

of the Supreme Court Judgment by fixing cut-off in advance for admission

to various programmes of study to OBC candidates (creamy layer

excluded) for inviting them for viva-voce as well as for admission to

various programmes of study to be implemented in this year i.e. 2010-11

admissions. The merit list will be drawn as per the admission policy of the

University and approved intake and offers. Further, in accordance with the

Ashok Kumar Thakur judgment after giving maximum possible relaxation,

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wherever the non-creamy layer OBC candidates fail to fill the reservation,

the remaining seats would revert to general category students.

Hence to be eligible to be invited for viva voce examination a candidate

must secure following marks out of 70 in the written examination.

Programme General Category OBC SC/ST/PH

categories

M.Phil/Ph.D.M.Tech 35% i.e 24.50 31.5% i.e. 25% i.e.

/Ph.d.Pre-Ph.D/Ph.D marks 22.05 marks 17.50 marks

MPH/PH.D

MA, BA and Part 25% i.e. 17.50 22.5% i.e. 15% i.e.

time programmes marks 15.75 marks 10.50 marks

where viva-vice is

prescribed

To be eligible for admission a candidate must secure a minimum overall score

out of 100 as given in the table below:

Programme General OBC SC/ST/PH

Category categories

M.Phil/Ph.D.M.Tech/ 40% i.e 40 36% i.e. 36 30% i.e. 30

Ph.d.Pre-Ph.D/Ph.D marks marks marks

MPH/PH.D

MA/M.Sc/MCA, BA 30% i.e. 30 27% i.e. 27 25% i.e. 25

(Hons.) 1st & 2nd Year marks marks marks

Part Time (COP &

Advanced Diploma in

Mass Media in Urdu)

The Committee further resolved that the above recommendations will be

implemented only for this year, i.e. 2010-2011 and admission policy will

be reviewed after the current admission process is over and statistics are

available for implementation from the next year i.e. 2011-2012."

8. A legal notice dated 27.6.2010 was issued to the JNU on behalf of a

students association contending that the change in the procedure for

admissions to the seats reserved for OBCs proposed by the JNU was

contrary to the clarificatory order of this Court dated 14.10.2008, and

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threatening initiation of contempt proceedings, if the said decision dated

17.6.2010 of the Deans Committee was implemented. As a consequence,

JNU sought legal opinion. JNU was advised that while the procedure sought

to be adopted by JNU for 2010-2011, vide its resolution dated 17.6.2010

may not be contempt of court, it may not stand judicial scrutiny and could be

viewed as an attempt to circumvent the law declared in A. K. Thakur and

therefore, it should continue the policy and procedure adopted during the

previous two years. As a consequence on 12.7.2010 the Deans Committee

reviewed the earlier decision dated 17.6.2010 and decided to

restore/continue the procedure that was followed during the previous year

(2009-2010), that is to admit only OBC candidates who secure marks within

10% band below the marks secured by the last candidate admitted in the

general category and transfer all the unfilled OBC seats to general category.

9. The revised decision dated 12.7.2010 of the Deans Committee was

challenged by two OBC students (respondents 3 and 4) in a writ petition

[W.P.(C) No.4857/2010] filed in the Delhi High Court. A learned Single

Judge of the High Court allowed the writ petition by impugned order dated

7.9.2010 holding as under:

"Procedure followed by the second respondent (JNU) and the stand of the

first respondent (UOI) regarding reservation for OBCs is thus declared to

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be bad. It is declared that the first respondent UOI/Universities are

entitled to only fix minimum eligibility criteria for admission in the

reserved category at maximum 10% below the minimum eligibility criteria

fixed for the General (Unreserved) category. The OBC candidates to avail

of reservation provided for them in the CEI Act are not required to, in

admission test or in the eligibility exam, secure marks within the

bandwidth of 10% below the cut-off marks of the last candidate admitted

in the General (Unreserved) category."

10. The said order was challenged by the appellant herein, a non party

before the High Court with an application seeking leave to challenge the

order of the learned Single Judge directly before this Court, without filing a

letter patent appeal. As the matter involved interpretation of the words "cut-

off marks" employed by this Court in the order dated 14.10.2008, this Court

granted such permission on 27.9.2010 to the appellant.

Contentions of Parties

11. The appellant contends that `cut-off marks' refers to the marks

secured by the last candidate admitted to a particular course of study or

under a particular category. `Cut-off marks' are decided with reference to a

merit list of candidates prepared (with reference to the eligibility marks

and/or where there is an entrance examination, with reference to the

qualifying marks) on the basis of number of seats available in a programme.

The marks secured by the last candidate admitted from such merit list to the

programme denotes the `cut-off marks' for admission to that programme.

10 The appellant submitted that the words "10% below the cut-off marks of

general category candidates" would mean 10% below the marks secured by

the last candidate admitted under general category. That is if the last

candidate admitted under general category had secured 80% marks, and the

lowering of minimum marks was 10% for OBCs, then OBC candidates who

have secured marks in the band width of 79 to 72 marks (that is 80 less 10%)

would alone be entitled to claim admission. This would also mean that until

admissions to general category seats are determined and the `cut off' marks

that is the marks secured by the last general category candidate is

ascertained, admissions to OBC reservation seats cannot be commenced, as

the bandwidth of marks to be possessed by OBC candidates for admission

would depend upon the marks secured by the last candidate admitted under

general category.

12. On the other hand, the learned counsel for the third and fourth

respondents (the OBC category candidates who were the writ petitioner

before the High Court) contended that the CEI Act does not stipulate or

provide any minimum "cut off marks" for OBC category candidates who are

entitled to the benefit of 27% reservation. It is also submitted that there is no

mandatory direction either in A K Thakur or Indiresan to fix the cut off

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marks for the general category or cut off marks for OBC category

candidates. It is submitted that the words "the maximum cut-off marks for

OBCs be 10% below the cut-off marks of general category candidates" in

the order dated 14.10.2008 would mean that the minimum eligibility marks

(or minimum qualifying marks if there is an entrance examination) for

general category, can be lowered or reduced by not more than 10% to

prescribe the minimum eligibility marks for OBC candidates. That is, if 50%

was the minimum eligibility marks for admission to general category seats,

the maximum cut off marks for OBC being 10% below the general category

candidates, the minimum eligibility marks for OBC cannot be less than 45%

(that is 50% minus 10% of 50%).

13. The respondents further submitted that neither the Constitution Bench

which decided A. K. Thakur which made the clarificatory order dated

14.10.2008, nor the appellant at whose instance the order of clarification was

issued, had proceeded on the basis that cut off marks would refer to the

marks secured by the last candidate admitted to the general category. The

object of appellant in making the application seeking clarification of the

order in A. K. Thakur was to ensure that the lowering of the minimum

eligibility/qualifying marks for admission of OBCs candidates did not lead

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to a large disparity with the general candidates affecting the excellence of

higher education. Therefore, the appellant wanted a ceiling for the lowering

of the minimum marks for admission of OBC candidates to be prescribed. It

was in that context the Constitution Bench ordered that the minimum marks

for admission of OBC candidate should not be less than 10% below the

minimum eligibility/qualifying marks for general category candidates.

14. The grievance of OBC candidates was not in regard to the

determination of minimum eligibility/qualifying marks. For example, as

noticed above, if the minimum eligibility marks for general category is fixed

as 60 for English or 70 for journalism, they have no grievance if the

minimum eligibility marks being fixed at 54 marks for English and 63 for

journalism in regard to OBC candidates. The OBC candidates have also no

grievance if they are required to pass an entrance examination and are

required to secure the minimum qualifying marks in the entrance

examination. Their grievance is with reference to determining the minimum

eligibility/qualifying marks for admission of OBC students with reference to

the marks secured by the last candidate admitted under the general category.

Their grievance is to linking of their admissions to an uncertain and

fluctuating benchmark which would depend upon the quality of the last

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student admitted under the general category. According to the respondents

by adopting the method of determining the `cut off' marks for OBCs with

reference to `cut off' marks of last general category candidate defeats the

purpose of reservation of 27% seats for OBC candidates and denies the just

and legitimate entitlement of OBCs for admission. It is pointed out that the

adoption of such a procedure in 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 had resulted in

large number of seats meant for OBCs being transferred to general category

candidates.

Question for consideration

15. The problem or question for consideration arising out of the rival

contentions may be appreciated with reference to the following illustration:

"A central educational institution has 100 seats in its B.Com. programme.

Eligibility for admission is with reference to the marks secured in the

qualifying examination [that is 10+2 or its equivalent]. The minimum

eligibility prescribed for admissions is 50% marks for general category,

45% for OBCs and 40% for SC/ST. Having regard to the reservation

policy applicable to the institution, out of 100 seats, 50 seats have to be

filled by general category candidates, 27 seats are to be filled by OBC

candidates and 23 seats (15 + 7.5 rounded off to 23) are to be filled by

SC/ST candidates. 300 candidates seek admission, of whom 160 belong to

general category, 90 belong to OBCs and 50 belong to SC/ST. The college

prepares a common merit list and the first 50 candidates in the said

common merit list are granted admission under the general category. The

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first candidate in the merit list has secured 98 marks and the 50th candidate

in the merit list who is the last candidate in the general category has

secured 80 marks. The college also prepares a separate list of 90 OBC

candidates merit list, 30 SC candidates and 20 ST candidates. Out of the

OBC candidates list of 90 candidates, the first 15 have found a place in the

first 50 in the common merit list on their own merit and are admitted and

treated them as general category candidates, leaving 75 candidates in the

OBC list. Out of the said 75 OBC candidates, 20 candidates have secured

marks ranging from 79 to 72, and the remaining 55 have secured marks

ranging 71 to 46."

According to the respondents (OBC candidates), the first 27 candidates from

the OBC candidates list, that is 20 candidates who have secured between 79

to 72 marks and the next 7 candidates in the order of merit (who have

secured less than 72) are entitled to be selected to the 27 seats reserved for

OBCs. According to the appellant as the last candidate in the general

category has secured 80 marks, and as the "maximum cut off marks for

OBCs should be 10% below the cut off marks of general category

candidates", the general category cut off marks should be 80 and the OBC

cut off marks should be 72% (80 minus 8); and only those OBC candidates

who have secured marks in the band of 79 to 72 are entitled to be selected

under the OBC category. Out of the list of 90 OBC candidates the first ten

having been admitted as general category candidates on their own merit, the

next 20 OBC candidates who have secured marks between 79 to 72 are

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entitled to be granted admission under the OBC category. The remaining 55

candidates having obtained less than the cut off marks 72 marks are not

entitled to admission. As a consequence, even though there were still 55

candidates in the OBC candidates merit list, who had secured more than the

required minimum of 45% in the qualifying examination, they are not

entitled to get admission; and the seven OBC seats which remain unfilled,

would have to be transferred as general category seats and will be filled by

the general category candidates from the common merit list in the order of

merit.

16. The appellant (and other intervenors who claim to be concerned about

excellence in education) contend that `cut off' marks' are different from

`eligibility marks' or `qualifying marks'. There is no dispute that eligibility

marks refers to the minimum marks a candidate is required to have in the

last qualifying examination (for example, 10+2 examination for admissions

to a Bachelor's degree programme or the graduation examination for

admissions to a post graduate programme) as a condition precedent for

seeking admission to the higher course of study which the appellant seeks

admission. Similarly, there is no dispute that qualifying marks refers to the

minimum marks required to be secured in the special entrance examination,

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that may be held to determine the inter-se merit of candidates from different

universities/sources and to ensure that candidates to be admitted possess the

minimum academic standards required or expected for a special course of

study; and it is only those securing the qualifying marks in the entrance

examination, where it is a part of the admission process, who will be

included in the merit list for admission, or will become eligible for being

called for viva voce. [For example, it is stated that in Delhi University,

admissions to degree courses, except for English and Journalism Courses,

are on the basis of `eligibility marks' that is the prescribed minimum marks

in 10+2 examination. Those who seek admission in degree courses in

English and Journalism will have to participate in special entrance

examinations. A candidate seeking admission to Bachelor's degree in

Journalism is required to have eligibility marks of 70% in 10+2 examination

and also pass the entrance examination; and a candidate seeking admission

to Bachelor's degree in English is required to have eligibility marks of 60%

in 10+2 examination and also pass the entrance examination]. In Dr. Preeti

Srivastava vs. State of M.P. - (1999) 7 SCC 120, this Court referred to the

difference between eligibility and qualification, thus :

"At times, in some of the judgments, the words "eligibility" and

"qualification" have been used interchangeably, and in some cases a

distinction has been made between the two words - "eligibility" connoting

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the minimum criteria for selection that may be laid down by the University

Act or any Central statute, while "qualifications" connoting the additional

norms laid down by the colleges or by the State."

Eligibility Marks and Qualifying Marks are pre-determined, and notified in

the Admission Prospectus, so that a candidate intending to apply for

admission knows what eligibility marks he should possess in the qualifying

examination or what qualifying marks he should secure in the entrance

examination (if there is an entrance examination).

17. The question for our consideration in this appeal by special leave is

the meaning to be assigned to the direction "the maximum cut-off marks for

OBCs be 10% below the cut-off marks of general category candidates" in

the order dated 14.10.2008 of this Court.

The Interpretation

18. In English language, many words have different meanings and a word

can be used in more than one sense. Every dictionary gives several meanings

for each word. The proper use of a dictionary lies in choosing the

appropriate meaning to the word, with reference to the context in which the

word is used. We cannot mechanically apply all and every meanings given

in a dictionary. Nor can we choose an inappropriate meaning that the word

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may carry and then try to change the context in which it is used. The context

in which the word is used determines the meaning of the word. A randomly

chosen meaning for the word should not change the context in which the

word is used. This is the fundamental principle relating to use of words to

convey a thought or explain a position or describe an event. We may

demonstrate this with reference to the dictionary meanings of the word `cut-

off'.

19. The Reader's Digest Word Power Dictionary gives the following

meanings and illustrative uses with reference to such meanings, for the word

`cut-off' [1996 Edition, Page 195] :

"Cut Off

*to remove

Cut off the thorns on the stem otherwise you will pick yourself

*to prevent from leaving or reaching a place; to be isolated

The village was cut off by floods

I feel so cut off when I stay on my parents' farm

*to disconnect or stop supplying something

He was cut off before he could finish his telephone conversation

*to disinherit

He was cut off without a cent

*to block

We must cut off all escape routes

*expiry, final deadline

Post your entry now, because the cut-off date is today"

(emphasis supplied)

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The Collins Dictionary of the English Language gives the thirteen meanings

to the word cut-off [1979 Edition, Page 369] :

"1. to remove by cutting.

2. to intercept or interrupt something, esp. a telephone conversation.

3. to discontinue the supply of : to cut off the water.

4. to bring to an end.

5. to deprive of rights; disinherit : she was cut off without a penny.

6. to sever or separate : she was cut off from her family.

7. to occupy a position so as to prevent or obstruct (a retreat or

escape).

8. (a) the act of cutting off; limit or termination. (b) (as

modifier) : the cut off point.

9. Chiefly U.S. a route or way that is shorter than the usual one; short

cut.

10. a device to terminate the flow of a fluid in a pipe or duct.

11. the remnant of metal, plastic, etc., left after parts have been

machined or trimmed.

12. Electronics. (a) the value of voltage, frequency, etc., below or

above which an electronic device cannot function efficiently. (b)

(as modifier) : cut off voltage.

13. a channel cutting across the neck of a meander, which leave an

oxbow lake.

14. another name for oxbow (the lake)."

(emphasis supplied)

The Illustrated Oxford Dictionary gives the following meanings to the word

cut-off [2003 Edition, Page 205] :

"1. The point at which something is cut off.

2. A device for stopping a flow.

3. (US) a short cut.

4. (in plural) shorts, esp. made by cutting the legs off

jeans.

(emphasis supplied)

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What is appropriate for our purpose are the meanings `the point at which

something is cut off' in Oxford, `limit' or `the cut off point' in Collins and

the meaning `final deadline' in Reader's Digest.

20. The term `cut-off marks' in academic and judicial vocabulary has

several meanings. When rejecting a person's request for selection on the

ground that his marks are less than the marks secured by the last candidate

who was selected, by describing the marks secured by the last candidate as

`cut-off marks'. The words `cut-off marks' are also used while notifying a

body of applicants who form part of a merit list or the general public, the

marks secured by the last selected candidate so that they can know that

persons with lesser merit/marks had not been selected or have no chance of

being selected. `Cut-off marks' are also used to refer to the minimum marks

(either eligibility marks or qualifying marks) required for admission to a

course.

21. Both sides relied upon certain observations of Pasayat, J. and

Bhandari J, in A K Thakur in support of the interpretation put forth by them.

While appellant argued that the said observations clearly indicated that

minimum marks for admission of OBC candidates should be a prescribed

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percentage below the marks secured by the last candidate under general

category (cut off marks for general category), the respondents argued that

the observations clearly meant that the minimum marks for admission of

OBC candidates should be a prescribed percentage below the minimum

eligibility/qualifying marks prescribed for general candidates. We may

therefore refer to the said observations. Pasayat J stated in his summing up :

"358. To sum up, the conclusions are as follows:

(1) For implementation of the impugned Statute creamy layer must be

excluded.

(2) There must be periodic review as to the desirability of continuing

operation of the Statute. This shall be done once in every five years.

(3) The Central Government shall examine as to the desirability of

fixing a cut off marks in respect of the candidates belonging to the

Other Backward Classes (OBCs). By way of illustration it can be

indicated that five marks grace can be extended to such candidates

below the minimum eligibility marks fixed for general categories of

students. This would ensure quality and merit would not suffer. If any

seats remain vacant after adopting such norms they shall be filled up

by candidates from general categories."

(emphasis supplied)

In the course of his judgment, Bhandari, J. referred to cut-off marks at two

places (vide paras 371 and 535). They are extracted below :

"If we want to really help the socially, educationally and economically

backward classes, we need to earnestly focus on implementing Article

21A. We must provide educational opportunity from day one. Only then

will the casteless/classless society be within our grasp. Once children are

of college-going age, it is too late for reservation to have much of an

effect. The problem with the Reservation Act is that most of the

beneficiaries will belong to the creamy layer, a group for which no

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benefits are necessary. Only non-creamy layer OBCs can avail of

reservations in college admissions, and once they graduate from college

they should no longer be eligible for post-graduate reservation. 27% is the

upper limit for OBC reservation. The Government need not always

provide the maximum limit. Reasonable cut off marks should be set so

that standards of excellence greatly effect. The unfilled seats should

revert to the general category.

x x x x x

The best universities are the best, in part, because they attract the best

students. The same can be said for almost any organization. In the case of

higher education, the universities that admit the best will likely churn out

the best. The precise extent to which the university made the best so good

cannot be qualified. The point is that universities alone cannot produce

qualified job candidates. Forced to admit students with lower marks, the

university's final product will not be as strong. Once the creamy is

excluded, cut-off marks would likely drop considerably in order to fill the

27% quota for non creamy layer OBCs. When the creamy layer is not

removed, as in the case of Tamil Nadu, the difference in cut off marks for

the general and backward categories may be insignificant. (See para 408

of Indira Sawhney). Of course, the extent to which standards of excellence

would suffer would vary by institution. As I mention below, I urge the

Government to set OBC cut off marks no lower than 10 marks below

that of the general category. This is only a recommendation.

(emphasis supplied)

In his judgment, Bhandari, J. observed thus in regard to the question `would

it be reasonable to balance OBC reservation with societal interests by

instituting OBC cut off marks that are slightly lower than that of the general

category?' :

"627. Balaji (supra) concluded that reservation must be reasonable. The

Oversight Committee has made a recommendation that will ensure the

same. At page 34 of Volume I of its Report, the Oversight Committee

recommended that institutions of excellence set their own cut off marks

such that quality is not completely compromised. Cut offs or admission

thresholds as suggested by the Oversight Committee are reproduced:

23

4.4.2. The Committee recognizes that those institutions of higher learning

which have established a global reputation (e.g. IITs, IIMs, IISc, AIIMS

and other such exceptional quality institutions), can only maintain that if

the highest quality in both faculty and students is ensured. Therefore, the

committee recommends that the threshold for admission should be

determined by the respective institutions alone, as is done today, so that

the level of its excellence is not compromised at all.

4.4.3. As regards 'cut-offs' in institutions other than those mentioned in

para 7, these may be placed somewhere midway between those for SC/ST

and the unreserved category, carefully, calibrated so that the principles of

both equity and excellence can be maintained.

4.4.4. The Committee strongly feels that the students who currently tend to

get excluded must be given every single opportunity to raise their own

levels of attainment, so that they can reach their true potential. The

Government should invest heavily in creating powerful, well designed and

executed remedial preparatory measures to achieve this objective fully.

628. Standards of excellence however should not be limited to the best

aided institutions. The Nation requires that its citizens have access to

quality education. Society as a whole stands to benefit from a rational

reservation scheme.

629. Finding 68% reservation in educational institutions excessive, Balaji

admonished States that reservation must be reasonable and balanced

against other societal interests. States have "to take reasonable and even

generous steps to help the advancement of weaker elements; the extent of

the problem must be weighted, the requirements of the community at large

must be borne in mind and a formula must be evolved which would strike

a reasonable balance between the several relevant considerations." To

strike such a balance, Balaji slashed the impugned reservation from 68 to

less than 50%. Balaji thus serves as an example in which this Court sought

to ensure that reservation would remain reasonable. We heed this example.

There should be no case in which the gap of cut off marks between

OBC and general category students is too large. To preclude such a

situation, cut off marks for OBCs should be set no lower than 10

marks below the general category. To this end, the Government shall

set up a committee to look into the question of setting the OBC cut off

at not more than 10 marks below that of the general category. Under

such a scheme, whenever the non-creamy layer OBCs fail to fill the 27%

reservation, the remaining seats would revert to general category

students."

(emphasis supplied)

24

In his summary of findings also, Bhandari, J., again referred to cut-off marks

as under :

"11. Would it be reasonable to balance OBC reservation with societal

interests by instituting OBC cut-off marks that are slightly lower than that

of the general category ?

It is reasonable to balance reservation with other societal interests. To

maintain standards of excellence, cut off marks for OBCs should be set not

more than 10 marks out of 100 below that of the general category."

(emphasis supplied)

22. The clarificatory order dated 14.10.2008 in P.V. Indiresan vs. Union

of India [2009 (7) SCC 300] which stated that the "maximum cut off marks

for OBCs be 10% below the cut off marks of general category candidates" is

sought to be interpreted differently by the appellant and respondents, with

reference to the said observation. The appellant contends that the "cut off

marks of general category candidates" refers to the marks secured by the last

candidate who secures a seat under general category and therefore only such

OBC students who have secured marks in the bandwidth of 10% below the

marks secured by the last general category candidate, will be entitled to

admission. On the other hand the respondents contend that the words "cut

off marks of general category candidates were used to refer to the minimum

eligibility/qualifying marks prescribed for admission to the course under

general category.

25 23. We find that this court has been regularly and routinely using the

words `cut off marks' to describe the minimum marks required to be secured

in the qualifying examination for being eligible for admission or to describe

the minimum qualifying marks to be obtained in an entrance examination.

As this court has routinely used the words `cut off marks' to refer to

`eligibility marks' or `qualifying marks', whenever this Court uses the words

`cut off marks', their meaning would depend upon the context. The words

may refer to either the minimum marks to be secured in the qualifying

examination or the entrance examination to be eligible for admission, or to

the marks secured by the last candidate admitted in a particular category.

24. We may refer to some of the cases where this court has used the term

`cut off marks' to refer to the eligibility marks or qualifying marks.

24.1) In Dr. Jeevak Almast vs. Union of India [1988 (4) SCC 27] this Court

observed : "The scheme contained the provision that the cut-off base for

selection for admission shall be 50 per cent marks", while referring to the

All India Entrance Examination. This clearly demonstrates that the words

`cut-off' base was used to refer to the qualifying marks the minimum

eligibility marks in the qualifying examination.

26 24.2) In Ajay Kumar Agrawal and Ors. v. State of U.P. [1991 (1) SCC 636]

this court while referring to the minimum marks required for being eligible

for admission to post graduate course described the minimum qualifying

marks in the qualifying examination, as `cut off base' marks. We extract

below the relevant portion as follows :-

"11. It is not disputed that in Uttar Pradesh the prevailing practice was a

50 per cent base for allowing Post Graduate Study to doctors with MBBS

qualifications but taking their University examination as the base without

any separate selection test, it is not the case of any of the parties before us

that the selection is bad for any other reason. We are of the view that it is

in general interest that the 50 per cent cut-off base as has been adopted

should be sustained."

24.3) In State of Uttar Pradesh v. Dr. Anupam Gupta [1993 Supp (1) SCC

594], this court extracted the following provision from a Government order

relating to eligibility marks for admission which was minimum of 50% for

general category candidates and 40% for reserved category candidates :-

"(2) This examination shall have 100 per cent objective type questions.

The eligibility criteria for admission to post-graduate courses shall be 50

per cent minimum qualifying marks for candidates of general category and

40 per cent minimum qualifying marks for candidates of reserved

categories (SC/ST)."

Thereafter it used the words cut off marks to refer to the minimum eligibility

marks for general category candidates and reservation category candidates:

27 "... Thus it could be seen that this Court consistently laid down the criteria

for conducting entrance examination to the post graduate degree and

diploma courses in Medicine and the best among the talented candidates

would be eligible for admission. 50% cut off marks was also held to be

valid to achieve excellence in post graduate speciality. Accordingly we

uphold the prescription of 50% cut off marks to general candidates and

40% to SCs and STs together with 1.65% weightage of total marks i.e. 50

marks in total in entrance examination as constitutional and valid."

(emphasis supplied)

24.4) In Ombir Singh & Ors. v. State of U.P. [1993 Supp. (2) SCC 64] this

court while upholding the prescription of 50% and 40% respectively as the

minimum eligibility marks in the qualifying examination followed the

decisions in Ajay Kumar Agarwal and Dr.Anupam Gupta by relying upon

and reiterating the passages in those decisions which use the words cut-off

marks to refer to qualifying marks. We extract below the relevant portions of

the said decision:

"So far as the validity of the admission rules fixing 50% marks for the

general category candidates and 40% marks for the SC/ST category

candidates to be obtained at the entrance examination as minimum

qualifying marks for being eligible for admission to the Post-Graduate

medical courses, the same are not subject to any challenge ........

".... It may be further mentioned that this Court in Ajay Kumar Agrawal

and Ors. v. State of U.P. [1991 (1) SCC 636] observed as under:-

"It is not disputed that in Uttar Pradesh the prevailing practice was a 50

per cent base for allowing Post Graduate Study to doctors with MBBS

qualifications but taking their University examination as the base without

any separate selection test, it is not the case of any of the parties before us

that the selection is bad for any other reason. We are of the view that it is

in general interest that the 50 per cent cut-off base as has been adopted

should be sustained."

28

3. The matter again came up for consideration before this Court and in

State of Uttar Pradesh and Ors. v. Dr. Anupam Gupta [1993 Supp. 1 SCC

594], it was held as under:-

"Thus it could be seen that this Court consistently laid down the criteria

for conducting entrance examination to the post graduate degree and

diploma courses in Medicine and the best among the talented candidates

would be eligible for admission. 50% cut off marks was also held to be

valid to achieve excellence in post graduate speciality. Accordingly we

uphold the prescription of 50% cut off marks to general candidates and

40% to SCs and STs together with 1.65% weightage of total marks i.e. 50

marks in total in entrance examination as constitutional and valid."

4. Thus, we further hold that any challenge to the above rule laying down

minimum percentage of marks for eligibility for admission to Post-

Graduate courses is no longer reintegra."

24.5) In Hemani Malhotra vs. High Court of Delhi - (2008) 7 SCC 11, we

find that this Court has used the words `cut-off marks' to refer to describe

`minimum qualifying marks' following Justice Shetty Commission Report

which also used the term `cut-off marks' while referring to `minimum

qualifying marks'. In that case, the advertisement inviting applications stated

that "minimum qualifying marks in the written examination shall be 55% for

general candidates and 50% for SC and ST candidates". The subsequent

resolution of the full court provided that the "minimum qualifying marks in

viva voce will be 55% for general candidates and 50% for SC/ST candidates.

This Court while considering the correctness of the said resolution observed

thus :

29 "This Court further notices that Hon'ble Justice Shetty Commission has

recommended in its Report that 'The vive- voce test should be in a

thorough and scientific manner and it should be taken anything between

25 to 30 minutes for each candidate. What is recommended by the

Commission is that the vive-voce test shall carry 50 marks and there shall

be no cut off marks in vive-voce test.- This Court notices that in All-India

Judges Association and Ors. v. Union of India - (2002) 4 SCC 247,

subject to the various modifications indicated in the said decision, the

other recommendations of the Shetty Commission (supra) were accepted

by this Court. It means that prescription of cut off marks at vive-voce test

by the respondent was not in accordance with the decision of this Court."

24.6) In K. Manjusree vs. State of A.P. - (2008) 3 SCC 512, this Court used

the words `cut-off percentage' to refer to minimum qualifying marks. The

relevant portion is extracted below :

"The sub- committee was also of the view that apart from applying the

minimum marks for the written examination for determining the

eligibility of the candidates to appear in the interview the same cut off

percentage should be applied for interview marks, and those who fail

to secure such minimum marks in the interview should be considered

as having failed."

25. This Court also used the word `threshold marks' to describe the

minimum qualifying marks. In Parveen Jindal v. State of Haryana [1993

Supp. (4) SCC 70] this court referred to Rule 7 of the Haryana Service of

Engineers Class I, PWD (Irrigation Branch) Rules, 1964 which prescribes

the qualifying marks, relevant portion of which is extracted below:

"Provided that a candidate shall not be considered qualified for

appointment, unless he obtains not less than forty per cent marks in each

subject and also not less than fifty per cent marks in the aggregate, and no

candidate who does not obtain the qualifying marks shall be called for

interview by the commission.

30

This Court, while referring to the contentions of the appellant therein, used

the word `threshold' marks to refer to the qualifying marks, as is evident

from the following passage:

"Whereas the Rules say that a candidate obtaining 50% marks in the

written test is entitled to be called for viva-voce, the Commission has

arbitrarily prescribed a threshold of 65% which it had no jurisdiction to

do. As a result of the said arbitrary stipulation several of the appellants

have been denied the opportunity of selection. The Commission must not

be directed to make selections afresh for all the three wings/branches in

the Public Works Department."

(emphasis supplied)

26. In A K Thakur, while referring to the observations of the Report

(Vol.II) of the Oversight Committee (Planning Commission, Govt. of India)

on Reservation in Higher Educational Institutions, Bhandari, J. used the

words `cut offs' or `admission thresholds' as interchangeable words by

observing. "Cut-offs or admission thresholds as suggested by the Oversight

Committee are reproduced" (vide : Para 627)

27. In A K Thakur, Pasayat, J. has also used the words "cut-off marks" to

refer to minimum eligibility marks. While summing up his conclusions (in

para 358 extracted above) he observed that the "Central Government shall

examine as to the desirability of fixing cut off marks in respect of the

31

candidates belonging to the Other Backward Classes (OBCs.)", and

proceeded to observe "By way of illustration it can be indicated that five

grace marks can be extended to such candidates below the minimum marks

fixed for general categories of students." The suggestion made is that if the

minimum eligibility marks for general category students is 50, the minimum

eligibility marks for OBC candidates should be 45. This clearly shows the

words "cut off marks" have been used to refer to minimum eligibility or

qualifying marks.

28. Even the Oversight Committee on Reservation in Higher Educational

Institutions, Government of India (Planning commission) in its Interim

Report and Final Report uses the words `cut off marks' and `threshold

marks' to refer to minimum eligibility marks. We extract below the relevant

portions:

"Interim Report

The Oversight Committee considers expansion, inclusion and excellence

as the moving spirit, behind the new reservation policy. The institutions of

higher leaning should keep these three principles in view while

determining threshold marks for admission to OBC students............

(vide para 6 of the Preamble).

As regards `cut offs' in institutions other than those mentioned in para 7,

these may be placed somewhere mid way between those for SC/ST and the

unreserved category, carefully calibrated so that the principles of both

equity and excellence can be maintained (vide para 8 of Preamble).

Final Report (Vol.II)

4.4 Cut offs or admission thresholds:

4.4.1 The issue of threshold levels or cut offs for OBC candidates has

already been addressed in the Interim Report (paras 7 and 8) as under :

32

x x x x x x x x x

4.4.3 As regards `cut offs' in institutions other than those mentioned in

para 7, these may be placed somewhere mid way between those for SC/ST

and the unreserved category, carefully calibrated so that the principles of

both equity and excellence can be maintained.

Para 4.4.3 of the Report of the Oversight Committee obviously refers to a

situation where if the minimum eligibility marks for general category

candidates is 50% and the minimum eligibility marks for SC/ST candidates

are 40%, the minimum eligibility for OBC should be somewhere midway

that is 45%. It should be noted that the observations of Bhandari J in

paras 629 and 645 of the decision in A K Thakur, which is the fulcrum of the

entire argument of appellant are made in the context of the aforesaid

observations of Oversight Committee and therefore, when Bhandari J uses

the words `cut off marks', he is also clearly referring to the eligibility marks.

29. The words "cut-off marks" are freely used to describe the prescribed

minimum marks even in academic circles and central educational

institutions. For example, the prospectus of MBBS admissions in All India

Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) provides in Para 2 (dealing with

eligibility) that a candidate should have obtained a minimum aggregate of

60% marks in the case of general and OBC candidates and 50% in the case

of SC/ST candidates in aggregate. It also provides that all candidates who

33

are so found eligible, have to appear for a competitive entrance examination

and Clause 4.1 refers to the minimum marks required to be secured in the

MBBS Entrance Examination who could be admitted.

"4.1 Minimum cut-off marks in the MBBS Entrance Examination : As

per the decision of the governing body and institute body at it meeting

held on 26.11.2009 with regard to cut-off marks in the MBBS entrance

examination, the candidate belonging to general category will be required

to have 50% minimum cut-off marks. Those belonging to OBC category

will be required to have 45% minimum cut-off marks and those

belonging to SC/ST will have to ensure at least 40% minimum marks

in the MBBS entrance examination."

It will be seen from the above that the words `cut-off marks' are used as the

minimum marks required in the entrance examination.

30. Pasayat J and Bhandari J. were concerned about the standards of

excellence in higher education. Having regard to the fact that OBCs were far

better placed economically and socially than SCs/STs, they wanted to ensure

that the minimum percentage for OBCs was somewhere between the

minimum marks for SC/ST and minimum marks for general category

candidates. They did not want the minimum eligibility marks for OBCs

should be the same as the minimum eligibility marks for Scheduled Castes

and Scheduled Tribes. They were of the view that if very low eligibility

marks were provided for OBC, the disparity would affect higher education

standards. It is in that context, that Bhandari, J. observed that cut off marks

34

for OBCs, should not be lower than 10 marks below that of general category

thereby meaning that minimum eligibility marks for OBC should be set no

lower than 10% below the eligibility marks for the general category. Pasayat

J in fact specifically stated that the minimum marks for OBCs should be 5

marks less than the minimum eligibility marks for general category.

31. The Constitution Bench of this Court in Dr. Preeti Srivastava (supra)

observed as follows :

"29. The submission, therefore, that there need not be any qualifying

marks prescribed for the common entrance examination has to be rejected.

We have, however, to consider whether different qualifying marks can be

prescribed for the open merit category of candidates and the reserved

category of candidates. Normally passing marks for any examination have

to be uniform for all categories of candidates. We are, however, informed

that at the stage of admission to the M.B.B.S. course, that is to say, the

initial course in medicine, the Medical Council of India has permitted the

reserved category candidates to be admitted if they have obtained the

qualifying marks of 35% as against the qualifying marks of 45% for the

general category candidates. It is, therefore, basically for an expert body

like the Medical Council of India to determine whether in the common

entrance examination viz. PGMEE, lower qualifying marks can be

prescribed for the reserved category of candidates as against the general

category of candidates; and if so, how much lower. There cannot,

however, be a big disparity in the qualifying marks for the reserved

category of candidates and the general category of candidates at the post-

graduate level. This level is only one step below the apex level of medical

training and education where no reservations are permissible and

selections are entirely on merit. At only one step below this level the

disparity in qualifying marks, if the expert body permits it, must be

minimal. It must be kept at a level where it is possible for the reserved

category candidates to come up to a certain level of excellence when they

qualify in the speciality of their choice. It is public interest that they have

this level of excellence."

(emphasis supplied)

35

In Dr. Preeti Srivastava, the Constitution Bench held that if the qualifying

marks for reserved category was 20% and the qualifying marks for general

category was 45%, the disparity was too great to sustain the public interest at

the level of postgraduate medical training and education. This Court noticed

that for MBBS the difference in qualifying marks was only 10% that is 45%

for general category and 35% for reserved category and that difference was

not unreasonable. The Constitution Bench was of the view that prescribing

different minimum qualifying marks for general category and reservation

category was permissible so long as the difference was not too great; and

that at post graduate level, the disparity in the qualifying marks between

general category and reservation categories should be narrower than the

disparity between the two categories at graduate level. It should be noted

that neither Dr. Preeti Srivastava, nor A.K. Thakur nor any other decision of

this Court required that the reservation category candidates should possess

marks which are within a narrow bandwidth below the cut off marks for the

last student admitted in the general category. All the decisions spoke of

difference/disparity in regard to eligibility marks and qualifying marks.

32. Therefore, the context in which Bhandari J. concluded that "cut-off

marks for OBCs should be set no lower than 10% marks below general

36

category" (vide Paras 535 and 629) of A K Thakur, he meant that

eligibility/qualifying marks for OBCs should be set not lower than 10%

below the eligibility/qualifying marks of general category. Similar is the

position regarding the observation of Pasayat J. in Para 358 of A K Thakur.

Pasayat J. observed that the cut off marks for OBCs should be fixed by

extending 5 grace marks, that is 5 marks below the minimum eligibility

marks fixed for general categories of students. We fail to understand how

the words "minimum eligibility marks fixed for general categories of

students' used by Pasayat J can be read as `cut off marks' of general

category, that is marks secured by the last candidate admitted under general

category. We, therefore, hold that the words "maximum cut-off marks for

OBCs be 10% below the cut off marks of general category candidates" in the

order dated 14.10.2008 of the Constitution Bench meant that if the minimum

eligibility/qualifying marks prescribed for general category candidates

was 50%, the minimum eligibility/qualifying marks for OBCs should

be 45%.

33. The appellant canvasses the continuance of the procedure adopted by

JNU during 2008-09 and 2009-10. What in effect was that procedure?

During those years, JNU would fix the minimum eligibility marks as say

37

40% when the admission programme is announced. JNU would apply it only

to general category candidates. It would not say what was the minimum

eligibility marks for OBC candidates, but would decide the same, only after

all the general category seats were filled, by fixing a band of marks upto

10% below the marks secured by the last candidate admitted under the

general category. If a OBC candidate secured the marks within that band, he

would be given admission. Otherwise even if he had secured 70%, as against

the minimum of 40% he would not get a seat, if the band of marks was

higher. Such a procedure, was arbitrary and discriminatory, apart from being

unknown in regard to admissions to educational institutions,. The minimum

eligibility marks for admission to a course of study is always declared before

the admission programme for an academic year is commenced. An

institution may say that for admissions to its course, say Bachelor's degree

course in science, the candidate should have successfully completed a

particular course of study, say 10+2, with certain special subjects. Or it can

say that the candidate should have secured certain prescribed minimum

marks in the said qualifying examination, which may be more than the

percentage required for passing such examination. For example if a

candidate may pass a 10+2 examination by securing 35% marks, an

institution can say at its discretion that to be eligible for being admitted to its

38

course of study, the candidate should have passed with at least a minimum

of 40% or 50% or 60%. Whatever be the marks so prescribed, it should be

uniform to all applicants and a prospective applicant should know, before he

makes an application, whether he is eligible for admission or not. But the

`cut-off' procedure followed by JNU during those days had the effect of

rewriting the eligibility criteria, after the applications were received from

eligible candidates. If the minimum eligibility prescribed for an admission in

an institution was 50% and a candidate had secured 50%, he could not be

denied admission, if a seat was available, based on a criterion ascertained

after the last date for submission of applications. No candidate who fulfils

the prescribed eligibility criteria and whose rank in the merit list is within

the number of seats available for admission, can be turned down, by saying

that he should have secured some higher marks based on the marks secured

by some other category of students. A factor which is neither known nor

ascertained at the time of declaring the admission programme cannot be used

to disentitle a candidate to admission, who is otherwise entitled for

admission. If the total number of seats in a course is 154 and the number of

seats reserved for OBCs is 42, all the seats should be filled by OBC students

in the order of merit from the merit list of OBC candidates possessing the

minimum eligibility marks prescribed for admission. (subject to any

39

requirement for entrance examination.) When an eligible OBC candidate is

available, converting an OBC reservation seat to general category is not

permissible.

Alternative contention

34. The appellant also urged that there is a marked distinction between

scheduled castes and scheduled tribes who have faced historical

discrimination and social handicap apart from being socially and

educationally backward and the Other Backward Classes who were only

socially and educationally not forward, but did not suffer from such

historical discrimination and social handicap [vide ground `G' of the special

leave petition]. The appellant contended all benefits associated with

reservations for SCs/STs need not, and in fact, cannot, be extended to

reservations for OBCs. Expanding the said submission, the appellant

contended that the principle that when candidates belonging to a reserved

category get selected in the open competition field on the basis of their own

merit, they will not be counted against the reservation quota, but will be

treated as open competition candidates, will apply only to SCs/STs and not

to the OBCs. In other words, his submission is that all OBC candidates

selected and admitted to a course of study should be counted towards the

40

27% reservation for OBCs including those OBC candidates who get selected

on their own merit without the benefit of reservation.

35. The appellants relied upon the decision of three Judge Bench of this

court in Chattar Singh vs. State of Rajasthan [1996 (11) SCC 742] wherein

this court held that by a process of interpretation, OBCs cannot be treated or

declared to be similar to SCs/STs. This court also held that Scheduled Castes

and Scheduled Tribes on one hand and the OBCs on the other are to be

treated as distinct classes for the purpose of reservation. This Court

observed:

"Though OBCs are socially and economically not forward, they do not

suffer the same social handicaps inflicted upon Scheduled Castes and

Scheduled Tribes. ..... The object of reservation for the Scheduled Castes

and Scheduled Tribes is to bring them into the mainstream of national life,

while the object in respect of the backward classes is to remove their

social and educational handicaps......The Founding Fathers of the

Constitution, having been alive to the dissimilarities of the socio-economic

and educational conditions of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

and other segments of the society have given them separate treatment in

the Constitution. The Constitution has not expressly provided such

benefits to the OBCs..."

The appellant also relied upon the following observations of one of us

(Raveendran, J.) at para 653 of Ashoka Kumar Thakur (supra) :

"I agree with the decision of the learned Chief Justice that reservation of

27% for other backward classes is not illegal. I would however leave open

the question whether members belonging to other backward classes who

41

get selected in the open competition field on the basis of their own merit

should be counted against the 27% quota reserved for other backward

classes under an enactment enabled by Article 15(5) of the Constitution

for consideration in an appropriate case."

The appellant therefore contended that unlike in the case of Scheduled

Castes and Scheduled Tribes, the OBC candidates who get selected in the

open competition field on the basis of their own merit, should be counted

against the 27% OBC quota under an enactment enabled by section 15(5) of

the Constitution.

36. The respondents on the other hand contended that the following

observations in Indra Sawhney vs. Union of India [1992 Supp. (3) SCC 217]

were intended to apply not only to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes,

but also to OBCs : -

"811. In this connection it is well to remember that the reservations

under Article 16(4) do not operate like a communal reservation. It may

well happen that some members belonging to, say, Scheduled Castes get

selected in the open competition field on the basis of their own merit; they

will not be counted against the quota reserved for Scheduled Castes; they

will be treated as open competition candidates."

The respondents also relied upon the following observations of a

Constitution Bench in R.K. Sabharwal vs. State of Punjab [1995 (2) SCC

745] :

42 "When the State Government after doing the necessary exercise makes the

reservation and provides the extent of percentage of posts to be reserved

for the said backward class then the percentage has to be followed strictly.

The prescribed percentage cannot be varied or charged simply because

some of the members of the backward class have already been

appointed/promoted against the general seats. As mentioned above the

roster point which is reserved for a backward class has to be filled by way

of appointment/promotion of the member of the said class. No general

category candidate can be appointed against a slot in the roster which is

reserved for the backward class. The fact that considerable number of

members of a backward class have been appointed/promoted against

general seats in the State Services may be a relevant factor for the State

Government to review the question of continuing Reservation for the said

class but so long as the instructions/Rules providing certain percentage of

reservations for the backward classes are operative the same have to be

followed. Despite any number of appointees/promotes belonging to the

backward classes against the general category posts the given percentage

has to be provided in addition."

(emphasis supplied)

37. The appellants' counsel replied by contending that the observations in

Indra Sawhney and R.K.Sabharwal will not help the contention of the OBC

candidates. According to him, para 811 of Indra Sawhney refers only to

Scheduled Castes and therefore extendable to Scheduled Tribes but not to

OBCs. He submitted that the observations in Sabharwal did not apply to an

enactment enabled by Article 15(5). He also pointed out that the CEI Act

merely provides a reservation of 27% seats for OBCs. but is silent as to

whether those OBCs. who get selected in the open competition field on the

basis of their own merit, should be counted against the quota reserved for

OBCs. or not. It was submitted that the principles evolved with reference to

SCs and STs or reservations in employment, cannot be applied to

43

reservations under section 3 of the CEI Act enabled by Article 15(5). A plain

reading of this provision, it is submitted, would mean that all persons

belonging to OBCs admitted to the institution shall be counted against 27%.

38. The issue before the High Court was with reference to the meaning of

the words cut-off marks. The submissions in regard to the question whether

OBC candidates who are selected on the basis of their own merit without the

benefit of reservation, should be counted towards 27% reservation, was not

the subject matter of the writ petition from which this appeal arises. Further,

this issue was not directly raised, but was referred only in an indirect manner

in the pleadings before this Court and Union of India had no occasion to deal

with this larger issue. We therefore do not propose to decide the alternative

contention which has wide ramifications except to note that the appellant has

raised an important issue which merits serious consideration in an

appropriate case.

Conclusions

39. The words `cut off marks' has been used thrice in the second para of

the order dated 14.10.2008 containing the operative direction. It is used in

the first sentence of the para while posing the question for decision, that is

44

`what should be the extent of cut off marks for admission of students of

OBCs in CEIs'. It is used in the second sentence of the para while giving the

answer to the question posed, that is "we make it clear that the maximum cut

off marks for OBCs be 10% below the cut off marks of general category

candidates. The words `cut off marks' occurring in three places in the

second para of the order dated 14.10.2008 has three distinct and different

meanings :

(i) the use of the words, `extent of cut off marks' in the first sentence

refers to the `minimum eligibility marks' (or to the `minimum qualifying

marks' if there is entrance examination), for admission of OBC candidates.

(ii) The use of the words, "maximum cut-off marks for OBCs" in the first

part of the second sentence refers to the percentage of marks by which the

eligibility/qualifying marks could be lowered from the minimum

eligibility/qualifying marks prescribed for general category students. In other

words, it refers to the difference between the minimum eligibility/qualifying

marks for general category and minimum eligibility/qualifying marks for

OBCs and directs that such difference should not be more than 10% of the

minimum eligibility/qualifying marks prescribed for general category

candidates.

(iii) The use of the words, "cut off marks of general category candidates"

in the latter part of the second sentence, refers to the minimum eligibility

marks (or to the minimum qualifying marks if there is an entrance

examination) prescribed for general category candidates.

45

The use of the words `cut-off-marks' in none of the three places in para 2 of

the order dated 14.10.2008, refers to the marks secured by the last candidate

to be admitted in general category or in any particular category, or to the

minimum marks to be possessed by OBC candidates, determined with

reference to the marks secured by the last candidate to be admitted under

general category.

40. The order dated 14.10.2008 means that where minimum eligibility

marks in the qualifying examinations are prescribed for admission, say as

50% for general category candidates, the minimum eligibility marks for

OBCs should not be less than 45% (that is 50 less 10% of 50). The minimum

eligibility marks for OBCs can be fixed at any number between 45 and 50, at

the discretion of the Institution. Or, where the candidates are required to take

an entrance examination and if the qualifying marks in the entrance

examination is fixed as 40% for general category candidates, the qualifying

marks for OBC candidates should not be less than 36% (that 40 less 10%

of 40).

41. We therefore, dispose of this appeal, affirming the decision dated

7.9.2010 of the learned Single Judge of the High Court, subject to the

clarifications/observations above, and subject to the following conditions :

46 (i) In regard to the admissions for 2011-2012, if any Central Educational

Institution has already determined the `cut-off marks' for OBCs with

reference to the marks secured by the last candidate in the general category,

and has converted the unfilled OBC seats to general category seats and

allotted the seats to general category candidates, such admissions shall not

be disturbed. But where the process of conversion and allotment is not

completed, the OBC seats shall be filled by OBC candidates.

(ii) If in any Central Educational Institution, the OBC reservation seats

remain vacant, such institutions shall fill the said seats with OBC students.

Only if OBC candidates possessing the minimum eligibility/qualifying

marks are not available in the OBC merit list, the OBC seats shall be

converted into general category seats.

(iii) If the last date for admissions has expired, the last date for admissions

shall be extended till 31.8.2011 as a special case, to enable admissions to the

vacant OBC seats.

___________________J.

(R. V. Raveendran)

New Delhi; ___________________J.

August 18, 2011. (A. K. Patnaik)

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