Noorul Huda Maqbool Ahmed vs Ram Deo Tyagi And Others

Noorul Huda Maqbool Ahmed ... Appellant

Versus

Ram Deo Tyagi & Ors ... Respondents

J U D G M E N T

V.S. SIRPURKAR, J.

1. Leave granted.

2. The order passed by the Bombay High Court confirming the order

passed by the Additional Sessions Judge, Greater Bombay allowing the

discharge application preferred by Accused No.1, Ram Deo Tyagi, Lahane

Bhagwan Vyankatrao (A-2), Sawant Subhash Namdeo (A-4), Santosh S.

Koyande (A-6), Chandrakant B. Raut (A-8), Anil Narayan Dhole (A-14),

Satish Kumar B. Naik (A-15), Ganesh Bhaskar Satvase (A-16) and Anant

Keshav Ingale (A-17) is in challenge here. Against the aforementioned

order of discharge passed by the Trial Court, the present appellant Noorul

Huda Maqbool Ahmed had filed a revision before the Bombay High Court

and the High Court dismissed the said revision. That is how the appellant

is before us. We would prefer to refer to the accused persons by their

respective positions before the Trial Court.

2

3. It has to be noted that the aforementioned discharge order by the

Trial Court was not challenged before the High Court by the State of

Maharashtra and in fact they chose to support the order. Even before us

on a specific plea having been made, the learned counsel appearing for

the State of Maharashtra has chosen to support both the orders by the

Trial Court as well as the High Court.

4. The city of Mumbai, which is otherwise known to be a cosmopolitan

city was rocked by communal riots in early 1993. On 09.01.1993 the said

riot was at its peak and it engulfed various parts of city of Bombay coming

within the jurisdiction of number of police stations. In the present matter,

we are concerned with two police stations, namely, Pydhonie Police

Station and Dongri Police Station. A road called Mohd. Ali Road divides

the respective areas of these two police stations. There was one bakery

called Suleman Bakery. This bakery has a Mosque in its immediate

neighbourhood as also a Madarasa where admittedly the students

belonging to Islamic faith used to reside and were being trained. The said

Mosque is called Chuna Bhatti Mosque. It is an admitted position that

Suleman Bakery, the Mosque as also the Madarasa came within the

control of Dongri Police Station. They are situated at the aforementioned

Mohd. Ali Road and since there were severe disturbances, a police picket

was set up diagonally opposite to the said Suleman Bakery. But in the

3

area of Pydhonie Police Station, seeing that some miscreants were firing

at the picket at the road from the terrace of Suleman Bakery, the police

warned the miscreants to stop their nefarious activities. However, the

same went on unhindered by these warnings. A police officer from the

Pydhonie Police Station, therefore, reported this incident to the control

room and asked for help. One wireless van allegedly came to the spot and

also noticed that some shots were fired from the building of the Suleman

Bakery. On receipt of the wireless message to the control room, Joint

Commissioner of Police Shri R.D. Tyagi, respondent No.1 herein came to

the spot along with a team called the Special Operations Squads (SOS).

Such squads were formulated to control communal riots. The persons in

the bakery were not deterred by the presence of Tyagi or the members of

the SOS and continued to pelt bottles, acid bulbs and stones towards the

police. Therefore, Joint Commissioner Tyagi ordered the squad to enter

the bakery. Needless to mention that the door of the bakery was bolted

from inside and the inmates did not open the door though they were asked

to do so. Respondent No.1, Tyagi, therefore, directed the police force to

break open the door of the bakery and to arrest the miscreants. The police

squad was told to use minimum force. Accordingly, the door was broken

and the members of the SOS team entered the Suleman Bakery but in the

process they had to resort to firing due to which 12 persons inside got

injured and 8 persons succumbed to death. Admittedly, the members of

4

the team could not recover any fire arm except swords and sticks.

5. Shri Tyagi then left the place and complaints were lodged after the

riots against the police force. There was an enquiry under the Commission

of Inquiries Act headed by Hon'ble Shri Justice B.N. Srikrishna, as His

Lordship then was. Justice Srikrishna found that in this particular incident

and some other incidents police were responsible for using more than

necessary force and the Government of Maharashtra, therefore, decided to

lodge prosecutions against the police officers who had taken law in their

hands. In the present case, the State had lodged a complaint against 18

police personnel for the offences punishable under Sections 302 and 307

read with Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code. A Sessions Case being

No.1171 of 2001 was, therefore, lodged in which the 18 accused persons

moved an application for discharged under Section 227 of the Criminal

Procedure Code. The Sessions Judge discharged the accused persons

named and dismissed the application of rest of the accused persons and

directed that the prosecution shall continue against the others as has been

stated. The State of Maharashtra had not challenged the order. However,

the same came to be challenged by a private party who claims to be a

victim. The High Court having dismissed the said revision, the same

private party has come up before us by way of the present appeal. Before

we proceed to appreciate the contentions raised by the learned Senior

5

Counsel appearing for the appellant Shri Vijay Pradhan, we must also note

a few more facts. On the basis of the incident which took place on

09.01.93, an FIR was lodged against as many as 78 persons by Anant

Keshav Ingale who is none else but accused No.10 in Dongri Police

Station. All these accused were committed to Sessions Court in the year

2002. The said Sessions case is Trial No.930 of 2002. Out of the 78

persons, as many as 70 persons are shown to be absconding. The

remaining persons were charged for the various offences under Sections

143,144,145,147,149, 307 read with Section 307, Section 34 as also

Section 120 B, IPC and 325, 327 of the Arms Act on 22.12.2004. The said

order was challenged in the High Court where it is still pending.

6. The prosecution in this case was launched on the basis of the FIR

C.R. No.198 of 2001 in Pydhonie Police Station on 25.5.2001. It is on the

basis of the statement of one Mirza Azamtullah Beg. On the basis of this

FIR, subsequent investigation proceeded and a charge sheet came to be

filed against the 17 accused persons. It was at this stage that applications

came to be filed on behalf of the accused persons under Section 227 of

the Cr.P.C. which resulted in the discharge of the present respondent Nos.

1 to 9 which order was then challenged before the High Court and was

confirmed by the same.

6

7. Shri Pradhan appearing on behalf of the private person launched a

scathing attack on the order of discharge as well as the confirming order

passed by the High Court. In his address, he tried to point out that both

the Courts had erred in relying on the circumstance that the accused who

were discharged had not fired a single bullet. As regards the respondent

No.1, the contention was that he was the leader of the team who had gone

to quell the riots. According to Shri Pradhan, in fact, there was absolutely

no reason for the SOS firstly to go in front of the Suleman bakery as the

story, that there was stone pelting throwing of glass bottles and firing from

the terrace of the Suleman bakery, was nothing but a myth. Shri Pradhan

was at pains to point out that the situation was perfectly under control and

there was no evidence to suggest that the coming on the scene of the SOS

was in any manner warranted. Shri Pradhan further argued that if at all

there was any wireless message sent from the picket to the Pydhonie

Police Station, it was absolutely a false message because there was no

question of firing from the Suleman bakery, particularly, on the backdrop of

the fact that the team which entered Suleman bakery did not find any firing

arm or ammunition. The contention raised was that admittedly all the

persons alleged to be hiding in Suleman bakery were Mohammedans and

the Special Operations Squad wanted to teach a lesson to the

Mohammedans who were held up in the Suleman bakery. Shri Pradhan

pointed out that there was a complete curfew and it is not as if the unruly

7

mob had come on the streets breaching the curfew order. He pointed out

that there were number of persons admittedly studying in Madarsa who

were innocent Mohammedan students. Shri Pradhan further pointed out

that the entry of the whole team of 17 or 18 police men, particularly, after

breaking open the front door of the Suleman bakery and their firing and

killing 8 persons was nothing but an act of revenge against the

Mohammedans. Shri Pradhan also took us in great details through the

topography of the area as also the inside details of Suleman bakery. He

argued that there was a single staircase for going above the ground floor

of the Suleman bakery and the ground floor itself was a small area. He,

therefore, suggested that the presence of so many persons in the ground

floor was not possible. He further pointed out that the staircase was so

narrow that only one person could have at a time gone up and there was

no scope for so many persons to go up. From this, he derived an

argument that the team which entered after breaking open the front doors

had gone up and then shot dead 8 defenceless persons and also injured

others. Therefore, Shri Pradhan was at pains to point out that all those

injured had suffered bullet injuries. From this, he extended his argument

further suggesting that all this was not possible unless there was a

common object on the part of the police personnel to teach lesson to the

innocent members of Muslim community. He further pointed out that there

was nothing which justified the wanton and mindless firing. He urged that

8

some persons of the police force who may not have fired a single bullet, it

was enough to rope them in with the aid of Section 34 or Section 149, IPC

as the whole assembly had turned illegal in firstly breaking open the doors

without any purpose and then going up and firing at the defenceless

persons hiding in Suleman bakery. Shri Pradhan very strenuously argued

that merely because respondent No.1 had not entered the shop, it does

not absolve him at all as he was the leader of the SOS and had to take the

full responsibility. He pointed out that in fact there was no reason for

respondent No.1 to come on the spot at all and then to order his team to

break open the doors and to enter the Suleman bakery. Shri Pradhan,

therefore, firstly suggested a common intention and argued that the act of

entering, by itself, was sufficient to hold that those accused who entered

were participants in crime. In that view, Shri Pradhan argued that the mere

fact that they did not fire was not a relevant factor. He alternatively argued

that at any rate this was an unlawful assembly again on account of Clause

thirdly of Section 141 of IPC and hence all the discharged accused

persons were the members of the unlawful assembly and had to be at

least charged and inquired into by the Courts below.

8. Replying this Shri U.R. Latit, learned senior counsel pointed out that

to suggest that the situation was under control and everything was calm

and quiet, would be a travesty of facts. Shri Lalit pointed out that the

9

situation was extremely tense and a wireless message was sent from the

picket in front of the bakery to Pydhonie Police Station. Shri Lalit argued

that the whole police force could not be attributed with the motive of

teaching lesson to a particular community. He suggested that the

members of the picket and, more particularly, Ingale who sent the

message had full idea of the topography since he was able to see himself

the whole situation prevalent in Suleman bakery and its terrace from the

building which was opposite Suleman bakery. He pointed out that the

picket was set up only to quell the violence and the very existence of the

picket was a pointer to the fact that everything was not calm and quiet and

under control in that area which is predominantly a Muslim area and which

was a greatly disturbed area. Shri Lalit pointed out that by no stretch of

imagination could the SOS be called an unlawful assembly as their very

duty was to establish peace. He further pointed out that it is not as if

respondent No.1 had carried the SOS without any reason or justification.

He had in fact gone there on account of the wireless message. He further

pointed out that insofar as respondent No.1 is concerned, there was hardly

any question of his having entertained any motive to teach lesson to the

Muslim community. Insofar as others who entered the building, Shri Lalit

pointed out that if even under that explosive situation the police personnel

did not use weapon and did not fire a single bullet, there was no question

of attributing any motive to such personnel. On the other hand, these

10

police personnel even at the risk of their own lives had chosen to enter the

building. Shri Lalit said that on the basis of the evidence available, the

entry into the Suleman bakery by breaking the locks was fully justifiable.

He further pointed out that the topography was such that the miscreants

could have easily run away with the guns and ammunition as the building

there are connected to each other and it was very easy for the miscreants

to escape with ammunition. From all this, Shri Lalit pointed out that the

discharge order passed by the Trial Court and confirmed by the High Court

was perfectly justified.

9. It is on this basis that we have to examine the respective claims.

We must at this point consider the First Information Report and its

contents. A close scrutiny therein suggests that it was an admitted

position that the riots in the two communities were going on from 6th to 10

December again started on 6th January and subsided only on 16th or 17th

January. It is also an admitted position that severe damage was caused to

public and private property and there was also loss of lives and since the

riots assumed serious proportions, the curfew was imposed for 24 hours in

several parts of the city during the said period and police pickets were

maintained at various places. It is also mentioned in the FIR that the

Special Operations Squads were formed by the police and that respondent

No.1 at that time was the Joint Commissioner of Police (Crime), Greater

11

Bombay and that all the other accused were Inspector of police, Sub-

Inspector of Police, Police Constables etc. It was also an admitted position

that Shri Anant Keshav Ingale accused No.17 (before Sessions Judge)

was then attached to Pydhonie police station and all the accused were

attached to Special Operations Squads. The FIR describes the

topography of Suleman bakery as also of the mosque which is called

Chuna Bhatti and the Madarsa called Darul Uloom. The FIR says about

the firing at the picket and the conversation between ASI Nagare In-

Charge of the picket with Anant Keshav Ingale (A-17 before Sessions

Court). Regarding the said gun shots coming from the direction of the

terrace of the Suleman bakery, though it asserts that there was no record

regarding any untoward incident which allegedly commenced at 9.30 and

went on for three hours, it is pointed out that no bullets or cartridges were

traced near about the picket and no injury was caused to anybody. The

FIR then refers to the wireless message from the picket to Pydhonie police

station about firing as also the information communicated to respondent

No.1, R.D. Tyagi by the control room about the firing. It also refers to the

conversation on the part of respondent No.1 referring to a man with a

stengun being present. It is mentioned that the said stengun man was

neither caught nor the stengun was recovered. The FIR also refers to the

further orders issued by respondent No.1 to enter the bakery after breaking

open the front doors. The FIR then makes a reference to the Dongri police

12

station and also refers to the FIR lodged against 78 persons arrested by

SOS. Specific mention is also made in the FIR that 10-15 persons

escaped with weapons and the attempts on their part to commit murder

rioting etc. There is a specific reference made in the FIR CR No. 46 of

1993. There is then a reference made to the further investigation

conducted by one P.I. Patil. Then a reference is made to the report of

Justice Srikrishna. It is further mentioned that Anwar Ali Mohd. Islam, a

witness examined by the Commission received injury by gun shot. A

reference is made to the dialogue between the police personnel regarding

the hidden weapons. A reference is also made to the evidence of Mohd.

Qutubuddin, Noorul Huda and Abdul Wafa Hahibulla Khan etc. who have

deposed before the Commission regarding the entry of the police into

Suleman Bakery. It is then mentioned in the Panchnama that seven

empties and two live cartridges were recovered from the place of offence

which were fired by the miscreants. An assertion is then made that no fire

arms were recovered during the Panchnama. A reference is then made to

the injuries suffered by the 8 dead persons. A reference is made to the

observation that it was impossible for 78 persons to fit themselves in the

bakery building. Then it was impossible for 17 persons to break into the

bakery and catch hold of the 78 persons. It is also pointed out that in the

topography, it is clearly mentioned that the entire version is exaggerated

and incapable of taking place. It was pointed out that not a single serious

13

injury was sustained by any member of the SOS nor was there any injury

by the fire arm. It is also mentioned that it was impossible for the

miscreants to escape with fire arms as there was no way of escape from

the mosque. It is then mentioned that the entire FIR No.CR 46 of 1993

recorded with the Dongri Police station is a got up document in attempting

to justify the death of nine persons caused by them. It is also mentioned

further that Anant Keshav Ingale could not have been at the picket at 9.30

as the entry at the station diary made at 12.45 p.m. on 9.1.93 at Pydhonie

police station shows that Ingale and API Jadhav left police station at 10.20

a.m. and he was no where near the Suleman bakery until about 12.45

p.m. A reference is made to the record of the Commission, the FIR and the

Panchnama in Dongri Police Station Cr. No.46 of 1993 and the material

collected in that crime.

10. Motives are attributed then to the accused persons that they took

undue advantage of the authority given to them and abused the power to

cause the death of 9 innocent persons. Heavily relying on this FIR, Shri

Pradhan pointed out that the prosecution on the basis of the FIR in Dongri

Police Station was nothing but a fagade created by the police for screening

themselves and justifying the firing in Suleman bakery. There can be no

dispute that the FIR heavily relies on the evidence given before the

Commission of Inquiry. When we see the application under Section 227

14

and especially by the first accused, it is pointed out therein that in those

riots more than 1500 persons had lost their lives and also the property of

crores of rupees was damaged. It is pointed out that the entire police force

was working under tremendous pressure and during those riots seven

police officers were killed and 496 officers/policemen were injured. It was

also pointed out that sophisticated fire arms and other lethal bombs were

used by the violent mob and the police officers had to make Herculean

efforts to bring the situation under control and that the police were

relentlessly targeted by the violent mob. A detail reference has been made

to the Dongri, Pydhonie, Nagpada and Agripada police stations which are

predominantly Muslim areas and were communally hypersensitive. The

application further refers to the bombs being hurled at police in the firing

directed at them. About 9th January, it is specifically contended that the

Commissioner of Police and the respondent No.1 were patrolling the

concerned area. The situation grew extremely volatile and explosive,

particularly, in the areas of the four aforementioned police stations and,

therefore, a wireless message was given to the Commissioner that almost

a civil war type situation had arisen and in fact it was thought of handing

over of the area to the military. It is pointed out that the Commissioner of

Police, therefore, left the area to attend a meeting while respondent No.1

reached along with the SOS while prosecution witness Ajit Deshmukh

continue to patrol the area in Pydhonie. Relying on the statement of

15

prosecution witness Ajit Deshmukh, it is further pointed out that the

miscreants were challenging from the roof top of Suleman bakery. It also

refers to one round being fired towards the SOS when they were alighting

from the vehicle. A reference is also made to the shot being returned by

Ajit Deshmukh in self defence from his service revolver. Reference is also

made to the observations made by Anant Keshav Ingale (A-17 before

Sessions Court) from above a shop and also confirming that the

miscreants were using automatic fire arms and three persons carrying

revolvers. A reference is then made to the entry which was based mainly

on the further fact that the witness Deshmukh sustained injury on his left

hand as he was hit with a hard object like glass bottle and it was that

circumstance that door was ordered to be broken. A reference is made to

the three injured persons who had jumped and also the further

investigation against those who were taken into custody. The reference is

made to the recommendation in the Commission that no prosecution

should be initiated against R.D. Tyagi (A-1 herein) as he had acted in

discharge of his official duty. In his application, Shri R.D. Tyagi had taken

a defence of acting in discharge of his duties. It was also pointed out that

the accused did not go on his own but in response to a wireless call and on

arrival he faced a gun shot and fire at witness Ajit Deshmukh. It was

further mentioned that R.D. Tyagi had also reported about having seen the

arm carrying miscreants on the rooftop of Suleman bakery. It is also

16

pointed out that the information was got verified on the other police picket

and that respondent No.1 herein had taken full precaution and had issued

warnings to miscreants at Suleman bakery and asked them to surrender

and when this did not yield any results, the bakery was ordered to be

broken open by force. It is also pointed out that Ajit Deshmukh was also

hit hard by missile and, therefore, the operation had to be done without

there being any alternative. It is on this basis that the application was

moved. By way of legal submissions, it was urged that there was already

an FIR lodged at the Dongri police station about the happenings in

Suleman bakery, therefore, there could be no second FIR in respect of the

same incident. Section 161 of the Bombay police Act was also pressed in

service. Section 197 was also pressed in service, particularly, in respect of

Shri R.D. Tyagi. The Civil Service Rules were also pressed in service to

suggest that he could not now be proceeded after his retirement which

took place in the year 1997. Almost to the same effect with a little

difference were the other applications made by accused Nos. 2 to 18.

11. It cannot be disputed and was not really disputed by Shri Pradhan

that the situation in Bombay on 9.1.1993 was extremely volatile though

Shri Pradhan insisted everything was calm and quiet on account of the

curfew. It is not possible to come to that conclusion at least on the basis of

the material available which suggests that the miscreants were trying to

17

breach the curfew by coming on the road and by making women as their

shields and there was constant exhortation at the instance of miscreants

and they were encouraging people to come on the road to breach the

curfew. A very existence of the picket in front of the Suleman bakery and

the conversation from the picket to the control room at the Pydhonie police

station would give the idea as to how grim the situation was. We have also

carefully seen the Trial Court's order. The Trial Court has rightly relied on

the decision of this Court in T.T. Antony v. State of Kerala [AIR 2001 SC

2637], wherein it is held that the observations and findings in the report of

the Commission are only meant for the information of the Government.

Acceptance of the report of the Commission by the Government would

only suggest that being bound by the Rule of law and having duty to act

fairly, it has endorsed to act upon it. It was further observed that the

investigation agency may with advantage make use of the report of the

Commission in its onerous task of investigation bearing in mind that it does

not preclude the investigation agency from forming a different opinion

under Section 169/170 Cr.P.C. of Cr.P.C. if the evidence obtained by it

supports such a conclusion. However, the Courts were not bound by the

report of the finding of the Commission of Inquiry and the Courts have to

arrive at their own decision on the evidence placed before them in

accordance with law. The Trial Court has also relied on Kehar Singh &

Ors. v.State (Delhi Administration) AIR 1988 SC 1883 to hold that the

18

report of the Commission referred the consideration of the government and

it is the opinion of the Commission based on the statement of the

witnesses and other material but has no evidentiary value in the criminal

case. The Trial Court then proceeded to examine the prima facie case and

relied on the wireless message given by Anant Keshav Ingale to the

control room and the arrival of R.D. Tyagi in pursuance of the message

along with the team. The whole message was then quoted by the Trial

Court from which the Trial Court came to the conclusion that there was

firing from the roof top of the Suleman bakery and the door was closed

from inside and inspite of the repeated orders, the inmates refused to open

the door and, therefore, R.D. Tyagi ordered squad to break open the door

and apprehend the miscreants. The Trial Court then went on to accept the

police report to suggest that 7 of the accused persons did not fire a single

bullet. From this, the Trial Court came to the conclusion that though the

police officers were in possession of 638 rounds, some of them fired from

1 to 7 rounds while some others did not fire a single round. The Court also

relied on the statement of the inmates and came to the conclusion that the

policemen did not enter with the intention to kill the inmates. The Trial

Court then went on to exclude the application of Section 34, IPC and ruled

out the possibility that the SOS had made any pre-arranged plan of

opening fire and killing the innocent persons. The Trial Court has also

analyzed the orders issued by R.D. Tyagi to break open the doors and

19

came to the conclusion that he was justified in directing the doors to be

broken open. The Trial Court also relied on the statement of Ajit

Deshmukh API who was an inured police officer and ultimately came to the

conclusion that there was no question of application of Section 34, IPC,

particularly, when the Joint Commissioner A-1 had directed to take

precaution for the safety of the SOS team and also specifically directed to

resort to minimum force. It is on this basis that the Trial Court came to the

conclusion that if even after the entry same accused persons did not fire a

single bullet, they were clearly acting in discharge of their duties and,

therefore, they were entitled to the protection under Section 161 of the

Bombay Police Act. The Trial Court found that there was no justifiable

case against the police officials who even in the volatile situation did not

open fire at all. Consideration was also made to the fact that the persons

who died had died only of gun shot injuries and that accused had not fired

a single bullet.

12. The High Court also referred to the scope of revisional jurisdiction as

also the scope of Section 227 Cr.P.C. The High Court relied on State of

Maharashtra v. Priya Sharan Maharaj & Ors. [AIR 1997 SC 2041] and

the observations made in paragraph 8 to the following effect:

"The law on the subject is now well settled, as pointed

out in Niranjan Singh Punjabi v. Jitendra Bijjaya (1990)4 SCC

76: (AIR 1990 SC 1962) that at Sections 227 and 228 stage

20

the Court is required to evaluate the material and documents

on record with a view to finding out if the facts emerging there

from taken at their face value disclose the existence of all the

ingredients constituting the alleged offence. The Court may,

for this limited purpose, sift the evidence as it cannot be

expected even at that initial stage to accept all that the

prosecution states as gospel truth even if it is opposed to

common sense or the broad probabilities of the case.

Therefore, at the stage of framing of the charge the Court has

to consider the material with a view to find out if there is

ground for presuming that the accused has committed the

offence or that there is not sufficient ground for proceeding

against him and not for the purpose of arriving at the

conclusion that it is not likely to lead to a conviction."

The Court also referred to the observations made in Yogesh @

Sachin Jagdish Joshi v. State of Maharashtra [2008 (10 )SCC 394]:

"16. However, in assessing this fact, the Judge has the

power to sift and weigh the material for the limited purpose of

finding out whether or not a prima facie case against the

accused has been made out

The broad test to be applied is whether the materials on

record, if unrebutted, make a conviction reasonably possible."

13. A very relevant observation has thereafter been made by the High

Court that the truthfulness of the statements or circumstances or

documents of the prosecution is not questioned by the defence. Then the

High Court proceeded to consider the scope of Section 34, IPC as also the

scope of Section 47 (2) of the Cr.P.C. The High Court then considered the

21

scope of alternative argument made by the revisional Court that the matter

should be remanded for adding new charges under Section 111, IPC

under Section 442 read with Section 111 and 113 of IPC against R.D.

Tyagi and the other accused who were discharged. Ultimately, the High

Court rejected the argument and, in our opinion, rightly so. Even Section

107 was referred by the High Court. In that the High Court rightly came to

the conclusion that the acts of R.D. Tyagi (A-2 before the High Court) and

other respondents did not fall under Section 107, IPC as neither of the

three requirements under Section 107 was fulfilled. Even Shri Pradhan did

not press that point before us.

14. We, after seeing the depth at which Shri Pradhan argued the matter,

invited Shri Pradhan to justify the application of Section 34, IPC particularly

on the part of accused No.1 and those who did not fire a single bullet.

Considering the question of firstly breaking open of the door there can be

no dispute that there is nothing on record to suggest that everything was

alright with the Suleman bakery and that there was huge disturbance going

on from the precincts of the same. There can also be no dispute about the

fact that wireless messages were sent and on the basis of that, the action

was taken by the SOS which was being led by respondent No.1. In our

opinion, therefore, the accused No.1 was perfectly justified in directing the

breaking open of the front doors of Suleman bakery. We have examined

22

the record ourselves which suggest that the police personnel had directed

the opening of the door but the same were not being opened. Shri

Pradhan was fair enough to admit that there were persons in Suleman

bakery. His only contention is that they were not committing any mischief.

From the material on record, it was clear that the missiles were being

thrown at the police inasmuch as API Shri Deshmukh was actually injured

and there is material to support that in that situation when after breaking of

the doors the police men entered and yet some of the policemen did not

fire the bullets, they certainly could not be clothed with common intention.

In our opinion, the Trial Court as well as the revisional Court have already

taken the view that there could be no common intention shared on the part

of those who did not even fire a single bullet. Shri Pradhan also saw the

hollowness of the claim of the prosecution that these accused persons

could be roped in with the aid of Section 34, IPC. He, therefore, argued

that the assembly of the police at least till the time they break open the

door was lawful object as it was their duty but they should not have broken

open the door and trespassed the Suleman bakery and all those who

entered Suleman bakery formulated an unlawful assembly as they illegally

trespassed into the Suleman bakery since A-1 herein, Shri Tyagi had

ordered them to break open the doors even he was a part of that unlawful

assembly who had the common object. Now the question is whether this

assembly could be called an unlawful assembly. There can be no dispute

23

that they were all the members of the SOS and had the duty to quell the

riots. They were not doing anything illegal in coming out and trying to

control the riots. There is also no dispute that by Shri Pradhan that the

riots were undoubtedly going on. We outrightly reject the claim of Shri

Pradhan that everything was calm and quiet and yet the SOS came.

There was no reason for the Trial Court and the revisional court and even

for us to believe that the SOS squad came on its own without there being

any apprehension of the further troubles. Those apprehensions are

apparent enough in the wireless message on which the Trial Court wholly

relied on and, in our opinion, rightly. Therefore, there is no point in holding

that the SOS itself was an unlawful assembly.

15. Further question is the object of the SOS. A wild argument was

addressed that the SOS were out to teach lesson to the rioters. There is

absolutely no material about the same. Shri Tyagi had no reason

whatsoever to be inimical towards a particular community merely because

he belonged to a different community. There is no material on record to

suggest that any of the SOS personnel had any personal agenda.

Therefore, till that point of time at least there can be no question of the

assembly being unlawful. Again if the first accused directed the breaking

open of the door, he had solid reason behind it. It was his job and duty to

quell the riots and to control the rioters. In pursuance of that he ordered

24

the breaking open of the door. In our opinion, he was perfectly justified in

doing so. If he had ordered the SOS to break open the order, there was

no alternative for them but to break open the door. Therefore, in the

breaking open the door he did not commit any illegality. Once the doors

were broken up they had to enter. Therefore, the entry could not amount

to trespass. A trespass becomes a criminal trespass if it is with an

intention to annoy or to do something illegal which is not the case here.

There was no question of the so-called entry amounting to criminal

trespass. If some of the members did not fire a single shot, could it be said

that they had a common object of killing the people much less innocent

people? Those who fired the bullets and caused the death, whether that

act will amount to murder is entirely a different question. That will have to

be established on the basis of the evidence that they had specific agenda

for doing so or they had the intention to do so or that they acted in excess

of their powers, that is purely a matter of evidence. But in case of those

who did not fire a single shot, it had to be said that they had the common

objection or that the common object of intention of killing them. After all,

the police who entered were risking their own lives. There is evidence on

record to suggest that the miscreants were not the mute bystanders or

were hiding there without doing any mischief. Under such circumstance, if

in that volatile situation also some of the personnel did not fire a single

bullet could they be made vicariously liable for the act of some others

25

which acts are also not shown to be with a common object of killing the

people? The answer would have to be in the negative. Therefore, in our

opinion, there was no question of there being an unlawful assembly and

any act having been committed by the respondent in pursuance of that

common object. Whether there was an object on the part of others to fire

and kill the mob inside is to be examined by the Trial Court. But insofar as

the present respondents are concerned, not firing a single bullet would

certainly take them out of the prosecution area. We do not agree that on

that account they could not be discharged. In fact, the Trial Court and

revisional Court have not relied only on that circumstance. That

circumstance has been considered in the light of other attending

circumstances and, therefore, we do not find any reason to take a different

view than the one which has been taken by the High Court.

16. Shri Lalit tried to argue about the Bombay Police Act. However, Shri

Pradhan has not gone to that aspect and it is unnecessary for us to

consider the effect of Section 161 of the Bombay Police Act. We find that

on merits itself it cannot be said that there was any prima facie case

against these respondents who had not fired a single bullet and who were

thoroughly acting in pursuance of orders of their superiors and were doing

their duty.

26

17. Shri Pradhan, however, contended that there was lot of material

against the accused persons about their having actively taken part in the

incident and in support of his contention he took us through a few

statements of the witnesses recorded under Section 161 Cr.P.C. They are

statements of Shri Abdul Sattar Suleman Mithaiwala, Abdul Wafa Khan

Habibullah Khan, Mohd. Kutubuddin s/o Mohd. Musa Siddiq, Hasan

Razakudin Mohd, Gulam Mohd. Farukh Shaikh, Abdulla Abul Kasim and

the appellant himself. Besides these, Shri Pradhan also relied on the

statements of Sabre Alam Jamaluddin Balwor, Mohd. Hussain Aulad Ali

Dafali, Mohd. Islam Mohd. Kuddus Shaikh, Budul Abdul Latif Khan and

Mohd. Rafiq s/o Mahebook Ali. We have carefully gone through all these

statements. Barring the first statement, all the statements have come by

way of additional documents attached to the rejoinder. All the statements

appear to be of the residents of the Madarsa. Significantly enough, in no

statement any specific act on the part of any of the respondents is

mentioned. Generally, it is mentioned in the statements that the persons

concerned heard shouting of policemen who were shouting Darwaja

Kholo, Darwaja Kholo (open the door) and were also asking Hathiyar Khah

Chhupa hai (where is the weapon hidden). In the statement of Abdul Wafa

Khan Habibullah Khan it is mentioned "one of the policemen pressed the

rifle's nozzle under the chick and shouted `sabko maar dalo' but the other

policemen stopped him from doing so". The description in the statements

27

is that some persons were shot dead by the police. In all the statements

the act of shooting and killing is attributed to the police without identifying

them. Some of these statements are of those who were injured. In short,

in all the statements, the only act attributed to the police who entered the

Suleman bakery was of firing at the persons and inmates and some of the

inmates dying due to that. There is not a single statement identifying those

policemen who fired or suggesting that those who did not fire committed

any other mischief by beating by rifle butts etc. All the statements referred

to the order of the police to take out the hidden weapons. We have

expressed earlier and even at the cost of repetition, we may mention that

indeed no weapon was found in Suleman bakery but that does not solve

the problem because Shri Lalit explained to us in great details that the

weapons could have been easily removed as the buildings there were so

connected that one could easily run away from Suleman Bakery through

connected rooftops of the other buildings. We put a specific query to Shri

Pradhan as to whether there appeared even a single statement against

respondent No.1 herein or respondent No.9 herein. Shri Pradhan was fair

enough to admit that there was no specific act attributed either to Shri

Tyagi (respondent No. 1 herein) or Shri Ingale (respondent No.9 herein).

In short, the statements, even if they were to be believed completely,

would only provide material against those who actually fired the gun shots.

Under such circumstances, if admittedly the respondents did not fire a

28

single bullet, it cannot be said that they had a common object to kill the

innocent insiders in Suleman Bakery or the Madarsa and Mosque attached

thereto. We are quite convinced that the Trial Court and the revisional

Court were not wrong in relying on this very material circumstance that

none of the respondents, though armed, fired a single bullet.

18. Shri Pradhan then claimed that if after reading the evidence if some

material is found against some others, then the complainant should have

the liberty to apply for action under Section 319 Cr.P.C. It would be

speculative on our part to say anything on this matter. It will be for the

Trial Court to consider any such application, if made, on its own merit.

There will be no question of giving liberty for that purpose. No other points

were argued.

19. Under the circumstances, we do not find any merit in this appeal

and proceed to dismiss the same. The appeal is dismissed.

...........................

......J.

[V.S. Sirpurkar]

..............................J.

[T.S. Thakur]

New Delhi

29

July 04, 2011

30