Munikrishna @ Krishna vs State By Ulsoor Ps

ITEM NO.1501 COURT NO.6 SECTION II-C

S U P R E M E C O U R T O F I N D I A 2022 INSC 1322 RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS

Criminal Appeal No(s). 1597-1600/2022

MUNIKRISHNA @ KRISHNA ETC. Appellant(s)

VERSUS

STATE BY ULSOOR PS Respondent(s)

(IA No. 115273/2020 - EXEMPTION FROM FILING O.T.)

Date : 30-09-2022 These matters were called on for pronouncement of Judgment today.

For Appellant(s) Mr. Lakshmeesh S. Kamath, AOR Mr. Kaustubh Shukla, Adv. Ms. Samriti Ahuja, Adv. Ms. Nancy Shamim, Adv.

For Respondent(s) Mr. V. N. Raghupathy, AOR

Hon’ble Mr. Justice Sudhanshu Dhulia pronounced the reportable

Judgment of the Bench comprising Hon’ble The Chief Justice, Hon’ble

Mr. Justice S. Ravindra Bhat and His Lordship.

The operative portion of the Judgment is reproduced

hereunder :-

“17. In view of the above, these appeals are allowed, the order of the Sessions Judge dated 19.03.2003 and the High Court dated 31.08.2010 are hereby set aside, the appellants shall be released from jail, unless they are wanted in some other crime.”

Pending interlocutory application(s), if any, is/are disposed

of.

(JAYANT KUMAR ARORA) (RENU BALA GAMBHIR) ASTT. REGISTRAR-cum-PS COURT MASTER

(Signed reportable Judgment is placed on the file) REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NOS.1597-1600 OF 2022 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Crl.) Nos.8792-8795 of 2022)

MUNIKRISHNA @ KRISHNA ETC. ……APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

STATE BY ULSOOR PS ………RESPONDENT

JUDGMENT

Sudhanshu Dhulia, J.

The appellants before us have challenged the

judgment and order dated 31.8.2010 passed by the High

Court of Karnataka in a Criminal Appeal which has upheld

the order of conviction and sentence passed by the Trial

Court against the appellants which convicted the appellants

under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC, and has

sentenced them for life imprisonment. We had heard Shri

Lakshmeesh S. Kamath, learned counsel for the appellant

and Shri Nikhil Goel, learned Additional Advocate General

for the State at length on 24.08.2022 and granted leave in

the case, which was then reserved for judgment.

2. An FIR was lodged on 12.10.2000 at 1:15 PM mid night,

which was the intervening night between 11th October and

12th October, 2000 by the son-in-law of the deceased, S.

Ramakrishnan. As per the FIR, his father-in-law, who was

seventy-two years of age, and was living alone in house

No.19/1 Haudin Road, Ulsoor, was murdered by some

unknown persons. The deceased last spoke to his daughter

(wife of the informant), at about 6:30 PM that evening.

Informant then says that his wife and him left their house in

the evening that day (11.10.2000) to attend a dinner

engagement. They returned home at about 11:15 PM. On

their return they received a call from a cousin Dr. B. Anarth

Narayan, of the Indian Institute of Sciences. Dr. Narayan

informed him that he had received a telephone call at about

10.00 PM, from one Sundar who is a neighbour of his father-

in-law. Sundar had informed that the gates of the house of

his father-in-law were open and lights were also on, which

seemed unusual at that hour in the night. On this

information, the informant and his wife rushed to the house

of his father-in-law. He was apprehending that his father-in-

law may have collapsed, since he had a history of heart

disease. When they reached the house at around 11.30 PM,

they immediately had an impression as if something was burning in the kitchen. This drew them to the kitchen, where

they found the dead body of S. Ramakrishnan. They also

noticed that the cupboards of the living room were open and

the purse of her father was missing where he normally kept

approximately Rs.3000/-. They immediately informed the

Police and the FIR was lodged and Criminal Case No.600 of

2000 was registered for the offence punishable under

Section 302 at Police Station, Ulsoor, Bengaluru and

investigation commenced.

3. Meanwhile, Inquest had started at about 07:00 AM in

the morning of 12.10.2000, and it is completed at 09:30 AM

that day. The inquest report states that a male person

about 72 years old by the name of S. Ramakrishnan s/o

Subbaraya Ayyer, found dead at No. 19/1, Haudin Road,

Ulsoor, Bengaluru on the day of 12.10.2000.

Then it records: -

“The dead body is lying in blood pool in kitchen at Door No. 19/1, Haudin Road, Ulsoor, facing the sky. Head facing West and legs towards East. Eyes are open. A 4” long bleeding injury is found in deceased’s neck; it is found to be cut with a sharp weapon. Both the hands are stretched on the body. Cut injury caused in neck is found to be caused by some antisocial elements. Deceased is wearing

1) A cross-belt, 2) White full arm banyan,

3) White underwear, 4) White dhothi. All clothes are full of blood.

The dead body is found in kitchen at door No. 19/1, Haudin Road, Ulsoor, the main door of the house is facing North, ‘kitchen door is to the West, on entering the kitchen, the dead body is lying on the floor facing the sky with head towards West and legs towards East. Not found in water. Not in well.

On 12-10-2000 at 9.30 AM, Sri. NS.

Ramachandrappa, Police Inspector of Ulsoor Police Station, in order to know the actual cause for deceased’s death, sent the dead body to Bowring Hospital Doctor through Sri. Giriyaiah PC-2539.

Sri. N.S. Ramachandra, P.I. has ordered PC 2539 to handover the dead body to deceased’s blood relatives after postmortem, to perform obsequies.

On 11-10-2000. Some culprits have murdered the diseased Sri. S. Rakakrishnan, 72 years in the kitchen of his residence in between 6.30 PM and 11.30 PM and escaped from there by stealing around Rs.3000/- from the cupboard, by cutting his neck with some sharp weapon. However, we the Panchas opine that the dead body should be sent to postmortem to find out the actual cause of deceased’s death.”

4. A post-mortem was conducted on 12.10.2000 between

10:30-11:30 AM. The post-mortem report indicates that

there were seven ante mortem injuries which are as follows:

“1. Horizontally placed Incised wound present over front of neck on the midline situated 8 cm below middle of Chin and 4 cm above level of suprasternal notch measuring 13 cm X 5 cm X cervical vertebrae deep, underneath muscles of front and sides of neck, Jugular veins on both sides, carotid arteries on both sides, trachea and oesophagus cut completely and the body of 5th Cervical Vertebrae cut superficially, blood extravasated around, margins are clean cut.

2. Obliquely placed incised wound over left side frontal region situated 1 cm above inner end of left eye brow measuring 4 cm X 1 cm X bone deep.

3. Incised wound over right side of neck situated 6 cm below right ear lobule measuring 2.5 cm X 1 cm X muscle deep.

4. Incised wound present 1 cm below injury No.3 measuring 2 cm X 1 cm X muscle deep.

5. Superficial incised wound over left side of neck situated 4 cm below left ear lobule measuring 4cm X 0.5 cm X skin deep.

6. Superficial incised wound over front and upper part. of right side chest over right sterno clavicular joint measuring 4 cm X 0.5 cm X skin deep.

7. Superficial incised wound over front and upper part of left side chest, over left sterno clavicular joint 3 cm X 0.5 cm X skin deep.”

5. Undoubtedly, it is a very heinous crime which has been

committed in the night of 11th October, 2000, where a

seventy-two-year-old man was done to death. In all

probability he died because of the main injury that is injury

No.1 which is a 13 cm x 5 cm deep incised wound on the front neck cutting jugular veins on both sides. The death

would have been in a few minutes due to the excessive loss

of blood. The post-mortem was conducted by Dr. Nissar

Ahmad, who was the Assistant Professor in the Department

of Forensic Medicines Bowring Hospital, Bangalore Medical

College, Bangalore. He was later, examined in the trial as

PW-5. According to him, all the wearing apparels of the

deceased, like white lungi, white Katcha, white baniyan and

white sacred thread were all stained with blood, which were

all handed over to the police. He had noticed the ante

mortem injuries, as already referred above. All the injuries

were fresh injuries. On opening the dead body, he found all

the internal organs intact but pale. His opinion was that

death was due to shock and hemorrhage due to the ante

mortem injuries in the front neck. On being questioned by

the Court he replied that a person who sustains such

injuries in the front neck, can only survive for a few seconds

and death is immediate and the injured cannot raise his

voice. This expert witness is referring to in particular to

injury No.1, referred above. In his post mortem report the

cause of death is given as :-

“Death was due to shock and hemorrhage as a result of injury over front of neck sustained.”

6. Meanwhile the investigation had commenced in the

present case. The present appellants were, however

arrested by PW-15 who was the Police Inspector and

Investigation Officer in another case of dacoity and murder

which was registered at Police Station, Vijayanagar as Crime

No.674 of 1999 under Sections 354/397, IPC. This

Investigation Officer (PW-15) received information on

31.01.2001 about the location of an accused called ‘Dodda

Hanuma’. Dodda Hanuma was also an accused in this case

and had faced trial and was convicted like the other

appellants (he is, however, not before this Court amongst

the present appellants). The information received was that

Dodda Hanuma had escaped from the Chittor Jail after

assaulting the staff of the jail. Following the lead, this Police

Inspector (PW-15) along with some Constables reached

Eachanoor village and caught the accused along with four

other persons at about 9.00 PM. All the five persons were

taken into custody and were brought to Vijayanagar Police

Station and were formally arrested on 01.02.2001. A

voluntary statement was then given by Dodda Hanuma

(Accused No. 2), and finally all the five accused confessed

that they had committed the dastardly murder of S. Ramakrishnan on that fateful night of 11.10.2000. They also

volunteered to show the place where they had committed

the crime on the night of 11.10.2000 (i.e. House No. 19/1,

Haudin Road), and how they murdered the old aged person

and then decamped with the cash and jewelry. They led the

Police party to the said house that is House No. 19/1, Haudin

Road, showed the exact place where they had committed

murder and got away with the cash and jewelry. Meanwhile

a videography statement of the accused was also recorded.

The videography was done by one, Sadashiva (PW-16), on

08.02.2001.

7. Consequent to the voluntary statement given by Doda

Hanuma, the police party was led to Raja Market, Nagaraj

Complex to Shop No. 167, i.e., Satyanarayana Jewellery

Mart where the accused Doda Hanuma identified

Janardhana Shetty (P.W.-17) of the said Jewelry Mart and

asked him to produce the jewels which he had sold to him.

These were the jewels pertaining to Kamakshipalya case

and Ulsoor case (present case). Janardhana Shetty, then

produced a golden ingot, a pair of golden ear rings having

red stones and also drops pertaining to the said pair of ear rings. The Police seized the said property and prepared a

mahazar in the presence of the panchas which is Ex. P-14.

8. Police after its investigation filed its chargesheet for

the offences under Section 302 read with 34 IPC, against all

the accused. The case was committed to the Sessions Court

and then assigned to the IVth Additional City Civil and

Sessions Judge, Mayohall, Bangalore. On 19.03.2003

charges were framed against the accused under Section

302/396, read with Section 34 IPC. Ultimately the accused

were convicted by the Trial Court under Section 302 read

with Section 34 IPC. Out of the five accused, who faced the

trial and were convicted and their conviction sentence was

upheld by the High Court, we have only four accused

before this court. They are as follows :-

1. Appellant No.1, Munikrishna @ Krishna (accused

No.4)

2. Appellant No.2, Nallathimma (accused No.3)

3. Appellant No.3, Lakshmi (accused No.5)

4. Appellant No.4, Venkatesh @ Chandra (accused

No.1)

9. Undoubtedly, it is a case of homicide. The question is

whether the prosecution has been able to prove the case

against the present appellants, beyond reasonable doubt.

The prosecution in order to establish its case had examined

as many as 17 prosecution witnesses, apart from other

exhibits such as forensic and other material, seizure memo

of the discovery of weapon of crime and the gold ornament

from the jewelry shop, etc.

10. PW-1 & PW-2 respectively are the son-in-law and

daughter of the deceased. They were the one who had first

discovered the dead body on that fateful night of

11.10.2000. PW-3 is the witness of the inquest reports, PW-4

is the witness for the seizure memo mahazar (Ex. P2). PW-5

is the Doctor who conducted the post-mortem, PW-6 is the

watchman, who was on the watch between 9.30 PM to 5.30

AM. PW-7 is the witness who accompanied the accused to

the place of incident. PW-8 is the constable who shifted the

dead body from the house of the deceased to the hospital

for post-mortem. PW-15 is the Inspector of Police Station,

Vijayanagar and the investigating officer, investigating

another crime who had arrested the present appellant on

01.02.2001, and PW-9 & PW-14 are the police personnel who accompanied him when he had apprehended the

accused. PW-10 is the independent witness for the seizure

memo of knife (the weapon of crime), and the witness which

led to the discovery of the knife on the pointing out of

Accused No.1. Similarly, PW-11 is the witness to the seizure

memo of the golden ingot from the ‘Satyanarayana

Jewellery Mart’. PW-12 is the police Sub-Inspector of police

station, Ulsoor, who had received the telephonic message

about the crime, at about 11.45 PM on 11.10.2000, saw the

dead body and then took PW-1 with him to the police station

to lodge the FIR. PW-13 is the police inspector who took up

the investigation further and finally filed the chargesheet in

the case. PW-16 is the videographer who had video

graphed the statements of the accused persons.

PW-17 is the propriety of the Satyanarayana Jewellery Mart.

PW-15 is the Police Inspector who had apprehended the

accused while he was investigating another crime. As we

can see there is no direct evidence in the case. There is no

forensic or scientific evidence which links any of the present

appellants to the crime. The so-called discovery of the

weapon of crime and the discovery of stolen gold material is

also severely flawed. It is thus in sum and substance

entirely a case of circumstantial evidence.

11. It is a case of circumstantial evidence and in a case of

circumstantial evidence, the entire chain of evidence must

be complete and the conclusions which is arrived after

examining the chain of evidence must point towards the

culpability of the accused and to no other conclusion. This,

however, is clearly missing from the case of the

prosecution. The entire case of the prosecution is based on

the so-called confessional statements or voluntary

statements given by accused Nos. 1 to 5 (all the present

appellants) while they were in police custody. Statement

given by an accused to police under Section 161 of CrPC is

not admissible as evidence. The so-called evidence

discovered under section 27 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872,

i.e., the recovery of stolen items and the recovery of the

weapon are also very doubtful.

12. In a case of circumstantial evidence, the Court has to

scrutinize each and every circumstantial possibility, which is

placed before it in the form of an evidence and the evidence

must point towards only one conclusion, which is the guilt

of the accused. In other words, a very heavy duty is cast

upon the prosecution to prove its case, beyond reasonable

doubt. As early as in 1952, this Court in its seminal judgment of Hanumant Govind Nargundkar & Anr. v.

State of Madhya Pradesh1 had laid down the parameters

under which the case of circumstantial evidence is to be

evaluated. It states: -

“… It is well to remember that in cases where the evidence is of a circumstantial nature, the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn should in the first instance be fully established and all the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused. Again, the circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency and they should be such as to exclude every hypothesis but the one proposed to be proved. In other words, there must be a chain of evidence so far complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for a conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and it must be such as to show that within all human probability the act must have been done by the accused…”

Hanumant (supra) has been consistently followed by this

Court. To name a few, Tufail (Alias) Simmi v. State of Uttar

Pradesh2 , Ram Gopal v. State of Maharashtra3 and

Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra4.

In Musheer Khan @ Badshah Khan & Anr. v. State of

Madhya Pradesh5 dated 28.01.2010, this Court while

discussing the nature of circumstantial evidence and the

burden of proof of prosecution stated as under: -

1 AIR 1952 SC 343 2 (1969) 3 SCC 198 3 (1972) 4 SCC 625 4 (1984) 4 SCC 116 5 (2010) 2 SCC 748 “39. In a case of circumstantial evidence, one must look for complete chain of circumstances and not on snapped and scattered links which do not make a complete sequence. This Court finds that this case is entirely based on circumstantial evidence. While appreciating circumstantial evidence, the Court must adopt a cautious approach as circumstantial evidence is “inferential evidence” and proof in such a case is derivable by inference from circumstances.

40. Chief Justice Fletcher Moulton once observed that “proof does not mean rigid mathematical formula” since “that is impossible”. However, proof must mean such evidence as would induce a reasonable man to come to a definite conclusion.

Circumstantial evidence, on the other hand, has been compared by Lord Coleridge “like a gossamer thread, light and as unsubstantial as the air itself and may vanish with the merest of touches”. The learned Judge also observed that such evidence may be strong in parts but it may also leave great gaps and rents through which the accused may escape. Therefore, certain rules have been judicially evolved for appreciation of circumstantial evidence.

41. To my mind, the first rule is that the facts alleged as the basis of any legal inference from circumstantial evidence must be clearly proved beyond any reasonable doubt. If conviction rests solely on circumstantial evidence, it must create a network from which there is no escape for the accused. The facts evolving out of such circumstantial evidence must be such as not to admit of any inference except that of guilt of the accused. (See Raghav Prapanna Tripathi v. State of U.P. [AIR 1963 SC 74 :

(1963) 1 Cri LJ 70] )

42. The second principle is that all the links in the chain of evidence must be proved beyond reasonable doubt and they must exclude the evidence of guilt of any other person than the accused. (See State of U.P. v. Dr. Ravindra Prakash Mittal [(1992) 3 SCC 300 : 1992 SCC (Cri) 642 : 1992 Cri LJ 3693] , SCC p. 309, para 20.)

43. While appreciating circumstantial evidence, we must remember the principle laid down in Ashraf Ali v. King Emperor [21 CWN 1152 : 43 IC 241] (IC at para 14) that when in a criminal case there is conflict between presumption of innocence and any other presumption, the former must prevail.

44. The next principle is that in order to justify the inference of guilt, the inculpatory facts must be incompatible with the innocence of the accused and are incapable of explanation upon any other reasonable hypothesis except his guilt.

45. When a murder charge is to be proved solely on circumstantial evidence, as in this case, presumption of innocence of the accused must have a dominant role.

In Nibaran Chandra Roy v. King Emperor [11 CWN 1085] it was held that the fact that an accused person was found with a gun in his hand immediately after a gun was fired and a man was killed on the spot from which the gun was fired may be strong circumstantial evidence against the accused, but it is an error of law to hold that the burden of proving innocence lies upon the accused under such circumstances. It seems, therefore, to follow that whatever force a presumption arising under Section 106 of the Evidence Act may have in civil or in less serious criminal cases, in a trial for murder it is extremely weak in comparison with the dominant presumption of innocence.

46. The same principles have been followed by the Constitution Bench of this Court in Govinda Reddy v. State of Mysore [AIR 1960 SC 29 : 1960 Cri LJ 137] where the learned Judges quoted the principles laid down in Hanumant Govind Nargundkar v. State of M.P. [AIR 1952 SC 343 : 1953 Cri LJ 129] The ratio in Govind [AIR 1952 SC 343 : 1953 Cri LJ 129] quoted in AIR para 5, p. 30 of the Report in Govinda Reddy [AIR 1960 SC 29 :

1960 Cri LJ 137] are:

“5. … ‘10. … in cases where the evidence is of a circumstantial nature, the circumstances [which lead to the conclusion of guilt should be in the first instance] fully established, and all the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused. Again, the circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency and they should be such as to exclude every hypothesis but the one proposed to be proved. In other words, there must be a chain of evidence so far complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for a conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and it must be [shown] that within all human probability the act must have been [committed] by the accused.’ [ As observed in Hanumant Govind Nargundkar v. State of M.P., AIR 1952 SC 343 at pp. 345-46, para 10.] ”

The same principle has also been followed by this Court in Mohan Lal Pangasa v. State of U.P. [(1974) 4 SCC 607: 1974 SCC (Cri) 643: AIR 1974 SC 1144]”

13. In the case at hand the entire case of the prosecution is built upon the confessional/voluntary statements made by the

accused persons before the police and the recovery of the

alleged weapon of murder recovered at the pointing out of the

accused and the recovery of alleged stolen gold material from a

jewelry shop, again, on pointing out of the accused. Let us deal

with the first evidence. As per the police, all the accused were

arrested from a school building on 31.01.2001 and formally

arrested on 01.02.2001. They confessed to as many as 24

crimes committed by them. Their confessions of how they

planned and executed the murders has been captured on a

video, which was also exhibited before the court. The Court

has taken this evidence of voluntary statements made by the

accused and hence admitted it as evidence. This was done both

by the Sessions Court as well as the High Court. The learned

Sessions Judge records in his judgment dated 19.03.2003

records as under: -

“… The prosecution has played the audio in the open Court Hall in the presence of the accused persons and jam-packed Court Hall and on a mere perusal and hearing the video, it will be evident that the accused persons themselves had explained the entire incident the manner in which they have committed the offence alleged by the prosecution against them. The video statement of accused no. 5 makes it clear as to how the deceased was made to open the iron grill and as to how they had planned to murder the aged innocent Ramakrishnan who was residing alone. The video statement of the accused personal reveals the intension of the accused person and also the manner in which they have made deceased Ramakrishnan to open the iron grill and also the manner in which the accused persons have committed the offence in murdering the aged man.”

The Sessions Court then refers to a decision of Supreme

Court, (Shri N. Sri Rama Reddy, Etc. v. Shri V.V. Giri6) and

states that in view of this decision video tapes can also be used

as corroborative evidence. This is what has been said: -

“When such being the case, it goes without saying that the video recorded statement of the accused persons can also be made use as corroborative piece of evidence. If really, the accused persons after witnessing and hearing the video cassettes suspected the bonafide or genuineness of the video recorded statement of the accused persons, instead of taking contention that their statements obtained by making them to consume alcohol, they would have requested the Court for subjecting the video tape records for scientific scrutiny. In view of the rulings of the Honourable Supreme Court, even video tapes of the voluntary statement of the accused persons can be used as the corroborative piece of evidence. Thus, on perusal of the materials on record, it will be quite manifest that the circumstances relied upon by the prosecution will bring home the guilt of the accused beyond all reasonable doubt”

Later the High Court while hearing the appeal of the

6 AIR 1971 SC 1162 accused gives a similar finding as follows : -

“It is not the case of the accused that they have not given voluntary statements before PW 15 as per Ext P 8,9,10, 11 &

12. However, it is their contention that they were made to drink liquor and under the influence of liquor, the statements have been taken as per Exs. P-8,9,10,11 & 12 and the statements were not voluntary.

The material on record does not probablise the said version taken by the accused. In the absence of proof of the said fact, voluntary statements at Exs. P- 8,9,10,11 & 12 given by accused Nos. 1 to 5 is proved to be voluntary as there is no material on record which would probablise the defence taken by the accused that they were made to drink liquor and their statements were recorded in the influence of drinking and it was not voluntary”.

The High Court then affirms the finding of the Sessions

Court and the admissibility of the voluntary statement of the

accused and the videography placed before the Court and

states as under: -

“It is clear from the above said proved circumstances that the accused have committed murder of S Ramakrishnan aged 72 years by slitting his neck as he was living alone in the house. The only defence taken by the accused is that they have given voluntary statements under the influence of liquor which is not probabilised by the material on record and in view of statements of the accused pointing to the scene of offence wherein S Ramakrishnan was murdered and Ramakrishnan suffered homicidal death and recovery of M.O.1 which according to P.W.5 would cause injury found on the body of S Ramakrishnan and also recovery of ornaments which they melted into ingot from the shop of P.W.17 and the fact that accused have shown the place where they committed the scene of offence in furtherance of the voluntary statements have been conclusively proved by the prosecution and such circumstances form a complete link which would point out only to the guilt of the accused and is wholly inconsistent with their innocence.

The trial Court has appreciated oral and documentary evidence on record in the right perspective and on re-appreciation of the entire material on record, we hold that finding of guilt arrived at against the accused Nos.1 to 5 – appellants herein for having committed the offence punishable under Sections 302 & r/w 34 of IPC is justified and sentence imposed thereon cannot also be said to be excessive so as to call for interference in this appeal.”

Both the Trial Court and the Appellate Court went

completely wrong in placing reliance on the voluntary

statements of the accused and their videography statements.

Under Article 20(3)7 of the Constitution of India, an accused

cannot be compelled to be a witness against himself. Again,

under Section 258 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872; a

confessional statement given by an accused before a Police

officer is inadmissible as evidence.

7 20 (1) XXX XXX (2) XXX XXX (3) No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.

8 25. Confession to police-officer not to be proved. –– No confession made to a police-officer, shall be proved as against a person accused of any offence.

The reference of the Supreme Court judgment by the trial

Court (Shri N. Sri Rama Reddy v. Shri V.V. Giri) is also

misplaced. That case only refers to the admissibility of a tape-

recorded conversation in an election petition which is tried

before a Court under the Civil Procedure Code (Section 87 of

the Representation of People Act, 1951). This Court, in the

above cited judgment was not dealing with a criminal case and

most certainly not on the admissibility of a statement given by

an accused to the Police under Section 161 of Code of Criminal

Procedure. Indeed, the above judgment also ends with a note

of caution:

“30. We once again emphasize that this order relates only to the admissibility in evidence of the conversation recorded on tape and has not dealt with the weight to be attached to that evidence. It must also be pointed out that the question, whether the pamphlets, Exhibits P-18-B and P-37- A, have been circulated in the manner alleged by the petitioners and the further question whether they amount to exercise of undue influence are also matters which have not been considered in this order. The above are all aspects which will be dealt with in the judgment, while disposing of the election petitions.”

Thus, the opinion of this Court regarding the admissibility

of a tape-recorded conversation, was in an entirely different

context.

As far as the recovery of gold ingot is concerned, PW-1, i.e., the son-in-law and the complainant has said in his

evidence before the Court that he does not recognize the ingot

and it does not belong to his father-in-law. Therefore, the gold

which has been recovered has not been identified as the one

which was stolen from the house of the deceased. The

recovery of knife is also doubtful. Firstly, Venkatesh who had

led the discovery had mentioned about the knife and its

disposal on 01.02.2001 when he was arrested. The recovery,

however was made on 15.05.2001 i.e., four and a half months

later. Why such a belated recovery was made has not been

explained. Secondly, the independent witness to this recovery

PW-10 Murugan, had also turned hostile during cross-

examination as he said that he does not recognize Venkatesh

(accused) on whose pointing out the alleged recovery was

made. So much for the recovery of the murder weapon.

14. At this juncture, we may also add that some of the

accused who were before us were also facing another trial of

similar nature in which they were convicted on 17.09.2010 and

sentenced to death. Thereafter in Appeal their conviction was

upheld, but the sentence was converted to life imprisonment

by the High Court. They finally came before this Court in

Appeal. The course of investigation and the appreciation of

evidence by the Trial Court and the Appellate Court had taken a similar course as they have in the present case. While hearing

their Criminal Appeal (Nos. 1476-1477 of 2018) 9 this Court

made certain observations, which are equally relevant for the

present case as well. Regarding the investigation of the Police

in the case, this is what was said by this Court:

“…19. We must observe that we have repeatedly found a tendency on part of the Prosecuting Agency in getting the entire statement recorded rather than only that part of the statement which leads to the discovery of facts. In the process, a confession of an accused which is otherwise hit by the principles of Evidence Act finds its place on record. Such kind of statements may have a direct tendency to influence and prejudice the mind of the Court. This practice must immediately be stopped. In the present case, the Trial Court not only extracted the entire statements but also relied upon them.

20. The other disturbing feature that we have noticed is that voluntary statements of the appellants were recorded on a DVD which was played in Court and formed the basis of the judgment of the Trial Court as is noticeable from paragraph Nos.34 and 35 of its judgment. Such a statement is again in the nature of a confession to a Police Officer and is completely hit by the principles of Evidence Act. If at all the accused were desirous of making confessions, the Investigating Machinery could have facilitated recording of confession by producing them before a

9 2022 SCC OnLine SC 765 Magistrate for appropriate action in terms of Section 164 of the Code. Any departure from that course is not acceptable and cannot be recognized and taken on record as evidence. The Trial Court erred in exhibiting those DVD statement Exh.P-25 to 28. As a matter of fact, it went further in relying upon them while concluding the matter on the issue of conviction.

21. What has further aggravated the situation is the fact that said statements on DVD recorded by the Investigating Agency were played and published in a program named “Putta Mutta” by Udaya TV. Allowing said DVD to go into the hands of a private TV channel so that it could be played and published in a program is nothing but dereliction of duty and direct interference in the administration of Justice. All matters relating to the crime and whether a particular thing happens to be a conclusive piece of evidence must be dealt with by a Court of Law and not through a TV channel. If at all there was a voluntary statement, the matter would be dealt with by the Court of Law. The public platform is not a place for such debate or proof of what otherwise is the exclusive domain and function of Courts of law. Any such debate or discussion touching upon matters which are in the domain of Courts would amount to direct interference in administration of Criminal Justice.

22. The last disturbing feature is the fact that Chart Exh.P-29 was taken to be proof of the activities of the gang to which the appellants allegedly belonged. Apart from exhibiting the chart, no details or documents either in the form of chargesheet or orders, depositions were produced on record. If the Prosecution wanted the Court to take note of the fact that there were other matters in which accused were involved, the concerned Chargesheets should have been produced on record along with sufficient details including the judgments or orders of conviction. A mere chart cannot be taken as proof of the involvement of the accused in other crimes either at the stage of conviction or sentence. But that factor seriously weighed with the Trial Court as is obvious from paragraphs 15 to 18 of the order of sentence. In fact, such involvement was taken to be one of the reasons why the death sentence was awarded by the Trial Court. Such a practice can never be approved.

23. We must clarify that the approach at certain stages including the stage of considering the bail application may be qualitatively different. At the stage of consideration of bail, the primary concern is to weigh in balance the liberty of an accused and the possible prejudice that may get visited upon the societal interest in case he is released. It would therefore be apt and proper to consider his involvement in other crimes. But at the stage of final assessment whether conviction be recorded or not, the matter must be considered purely on its merits unless the very membership of a gang or a group or an outfit itself can amount to an offence or as an aggravated form of an offence. Again, at the stage of sentencing, his involvement in other crimes may be a relevant factor provided the concerned material in the form of concluded judgments in the other matters are brought on record in a manner known to law. The established involvement in other matters would then certainly be relevant while dealing with the question whether the concerned accused is required to be dealt with sternly or leniently.

24. We have gone through Chart Exh. P-29.

According to said chart, in so far as the present appellants are concerned, they were said to be involved in one more crime which has given rise to Special Leave Petition (Crl) Diary No.24079 of 2020 and was listed along with the instant appeal before us. That matter is still pending consideration before us. Therefore, what weighed with the Trial Court was the alleged involvement of the other members of the alleged gang in so many similar activities, in support of which there was no concrete material, other than the confessions of the appellants.”

15. We must add that this Court in its order dated 19.04.2022

has allowed the above appeal and has set aside the order of

the Sessions Judge as well as of the High Court which had

placed its reliance almost completely on the statement made

by the accused before the Police under Section 161 of CrPC.

This is exactly what has been done in the present case as well

and consequently this too must meet the same fate. Indeed, it

was also the case of the prosecution that the appellants belong to a gang which commits crime of this nature and that the

modus operandi is by and large the same in all cases. It was

alleged that the appellants are involved in as many as 20-25

such cases. But what was given before the Court was a chart

giving description of offences, numbers and Sections under

which such offences had been allegedly committed. No

documents in the nature of chargesheet or any other proof was

submitted. Therefore, this factor cannot be taken into account.

This was also not taken into account by this Court in the above

order dated 19.04.2022, while allowing the Criminal Appeal No.

1476-1477 of 2018 as referred above.

16. Ordinarily, this Court does not interfere with concurrent

findings of facts as they are in the present case. But, then in

the present case it has become necessary to interfere with the

findings for the reasons that both the High Court as well as the

Sessions Court have ignored the well-established principles of

criminal jurisprudences and have relied upon facts and

evidences which are clearly inadmissible in a court of law. The

crime indeed was ghastly, to say the least. Yet, linking the

crime to the present appellants is an exercise which was to be

undertaken in the court of law under established principles of

law. This has not been done. This Court in Sharad

Birdhichand Sarda (supra) has cautioned thus: -

“179. We can fully understand that though the case superficially viewed bears an ugly look so as to prima facie shock the conscience of any court yet suspicion, however great it may be, cannot take the place of legal proof. A moral conviction however strong or genuine cannot amount to a legal conviction supportable in law.

180. It must be recalled that the well-

established rule of criminal justice is that “fouler the crime higher the proof”. In the instant case, the life and liberty of a subject was at stake. As the accused was given a capital sentence, a very careful, cautious and meticulous approach was necessary to be made.”

17. In view of the above, these appeals are allowed, the order

of the Sessions Judge dated 19.03.2003 and the High Court

dated 31.08.2010 are hereby set aside, the appellants shall be

released from jail, unless they are wanted in some other crime.

………………………………CJI.

(UDAY UMESH LALIT)

…………………………………J. (S. RAVINDRA BHAT)

...………………………………J. (SUDHANSHU DHULIA)

New Delhi;

September 30, 2022.