In Re Felling Of Trees In Aarey Forest ... vs “A) … Stopping All Activities Being ...

Reportable IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

IA No 169860 of 2022 in Suo Moto Writ (Civil) No 2 of 2019

IN RE FELLING OF TREES IN AAREY FOREST (MAHARASHTRA)

WITH

IA Nos 104736, 104886 of 2022 and 178233 of 2019 in

SMW(Civil) No 2 of 2019

IA No 105220 of 2022 in

SLP(Civil) No 14933 of 2019 and

IA Nos 107131 and 50314 of 2022 in

SLP(Civil) No 31178 of 2018

Signature Not Verified

Digitally signed by Sanjay Kumar Date: 2022.12.16 17:34:20 IST Reason: 2

JUDGMENT

Dr Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud, CJI

1. On 15 April 2019, this Court, while considering Petition for Special Leave to Appeal

(Civil) No 31178 of 2018, declined to grant interim relief in IA No 33819 of 2019.

The reliefs which were sought in the application for interim relief were in the

following terms:

“a) … stopping all activities being carried out by the

Respondent No-4 on the land in question inside Aarey

Colony;

b) … directing the Respondents to carry out the activities for

setting up Metro Car depot at the alternative sites referred

to in paragraph 3 of the present application;

c) … staying the operation of the observations made at page

92 of the impugned order to the effect that Aarey Milk

Colony area cannot be referred to as forest; and

d) … any other order or further order or orders as this Hon'ble

Court may deem fit and proper in the circumstances of the

case.” 3

2. Subsequently, on 7 October 2019, this Court, while entertaining a Suo Moto Writ

Petition 1, passed an order recording the statement of the Solicitor General

appearing on behalf of the State of Maharashtra that no further trees were being

felled till the next date of listing.

3. On 5 August 2022, this Court directed that all the connected writ petitions and

Special Leave Petitions could be listed for final disposal. No specific interim

directions were issued in view of the position of Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation

Limited 2 that no further trees had been felled since the order dated 7 October 2019

and none be cut till the next date of hearing.

4. The position in regard to the permissions which have been sought for the felling of

trees in respect of the proposed depot at Aarey for Metro Line – 3 has been

summarized in a plan which has been placed on the record by the Solicitor

General. The position is elucidated below:

A Car Depot

(i) Permission applied on 21 July 2017;

(ii) Permission granted by the Tree Authority on 13 September 2019;

(iii) Trees permitted to be cut – 2185; and

(iv) Actual number of trees cut – 2144.

B Ramp area

(i) Permission applied on 6 September 2017;

(ii) Permission granted by the Tree Authority on 6 July 2018;

1 Suo Moto Writ Petition (Civil) No 2 of 2019 2 MMRCL 4

(iii) Trees permitted to be cut – 235; and

(iv) Actual number of trees cut – 212.

C Shunting area

(i) Permission applied on 11 February 2019;

(ii) Total number of trees affected – 84; and

(iii) Grant of permission awaited.

5. The IA which has been moved by MMRCL3 is for permission to enable it to move

the Tree Authority for the felling of 84 trees required for the purpose of proceeding

with the shunting segment of the Aarey car depot. For convenience of reference,

the relief which has been sought in IA moved by MMRCL is extracted below:

“a) Direct/permit the Tree Authority to decide the application

dated 11.02.2019 filed by MMRCL pending before it and

pass final order thereof with respect to cutting of the 84

trees under The Maharashtra (Urban Areas) Protection

and Preservation of Trees Act 1975 located on Metro Car

Shed Land at Aarey Colony admeasuring approximately 33

hectares for the Mumbai Metro Line-3 project in Mumbai

and permit, MMRCL to implement such decision of the

Tree Authority, as the case may be;”

6. Apart from the IA which has been moved by MMRCL, this Court is seized of the

3 IA No 169860 of 2022 in Suo Moto Writ Petition (Civil) No 2 of 2019 5

following IAs:

i. IA No 104886 of 2022 in Suo Moto Writ Petition (Civil) No 2 of 2019 seeking,

inter alia, that (a) the order dated 21 July 2022 issued by the Urban

Development Department of the Government of Maharashtra be kept in

abeyance as it permits work on the car depot at Aarey, (b) the Government

of Maharashtra submit the Wildlife report on the Aarey Car Shed plot and to

grant protection to wildlife on the said plot and declare the area as a forest;

ii. IA No 178233 of 2019 in Suo Moto Writ Petition (Civil) No 2 of 2019 seeking

inter alia, the issuance of directions to the Government of Maharashtra to

declare Aarey as a forest and direct that no trees be cut;

iii. IA No 107131 and IA 50314 of 2022 in Special Leave Petition (Civil) No 31178

of 2018 seeking, inter alia, a direction restraining the respondents from

carrying out all work of construction within the 33 hectares area implicating

the Aarey car project;

iv. IA No 105220 of 2022 in Special Leave Petition (Civil) No 14933 of 2019 for

restraining the respondents from carrying out any consequential activities,

including clearing of plants, excavation of vegetation or proceeding with any

construction.

7. In order to appreciate the salient facts insofar as they pertain to the IAs before this

Court, it would be appropriate, at this stage, to advert briefly to the course of

events.

8. On 6 January 2021, the Government of Maharashtra constituted a committee

chaired by the Chief Secretary for examining whether the proposed car depot at 6

Aarey should be realigned and relocated. The Committee submitted its report on

21 January 2021. The Committee was of the considered view that the location of

the car depot at Aarey should be realigned so that an integrated car depot would

be set up both for Metro Lines – 3 and 6 at Kanjurmarg. The report of the

Committee was accepted by the State Government on 23 March 2021.

9. On 17 March 2022, the Union Government in the Ministry of Housing and Urban

Affairs addressed a communication to the Chief Secretary of the Government of

Maharashtra, following a meeting which was convened on 23 September 2021

between the Ministry and the officials of the State Government “to discuss the

Aarey depot issue which is seriously hampering the progress of Metro Line-3

project”. The letter recorded that a decision was taken that Delhi Metro Rail

Corporation 4 and M/s SYSTRA, the consultant appointed by MMRDA, would hold

a meeting to sort out technical issues in the event that the depot was shifted to

Kanjurmarg. Thereafter, following the meetings between DMRC and SYSTRA,

DMRC submitted a report on 11 February 2022. Both DMRC and SYSTRA have

agreed that there are ‘inherited’ operational and maintenance constraints in the

proposal to have a common depot for two or more lines at Kanjurmarg. Some of

the major observations in the report are summarized in the communication dated

17 March 2022 and are extracted below:

“(i) The simulation exercise done by M/s SYSTRA is

incomplete as no simulation internal to depot has been

4 DMRC 7

done. M/s SYSTRA had informed that simulation internal

to depot may require involvement of signalling contractor,

which was beyond their scope of work. Thus, it could not

be checked by DMRC that proposed plan of induction of

trains from depot could really materialise or not. DMRC

has recorded their own experience that inducting trains

from the depot consistently at a frequency of 4 minutes

continuously for 3 or more hours is a challenging task.

(ii) There is a compromised time of maintenance window due

to running of Line-3 trains for 7.5 km on Line-6 network

upto Kanjurmarg. This will also have an adverse impact on

restoration time in the event of failure of Line-3 train during

regular operation period.

(iii) There is sub optimal utilization of trains as at least two

trains are to be kept as hot standby at SEEPZ village

station.

(iv) 100% punctual operation throughout the trips all the time

in a day is rarely possible in real life operations as lot of

factors affect train movement. Any deviation in train

movement will lead to detention at L-3 & 6 connections

while transferring of trains between L-3 & 6. Thus, the

detention of trains mid-section seems real and

unavoidable.

8

(v) There is a requirement of same signalling system from the

Line-3 supplier for Line-6 and thus related compulsions.”

10. In the above backdrop, the communication of the Union Ministry of Housing and

Urban Affairs noted that the proposed integration of two lines at SEEPZ village

station would be a permanent risk to reliable train operations of both the lines.

DMRC’s report had suggested that the decision to adopt an integrated depot for

Metro Lines – 3 and 6 should be taken only if it is absolutely unavoidable even with

possible mitigation measures in the present plans at Aarey. The communication

also records that the conclusion of the report of the Committee chaired by the Chief

Secretary to the Government of Maharashtra that the current land and design of

the depot at Aarey would be insufficient to cater to the project design life

requirement of Line-3, thereby necessitating an alternative location at Kanjurmarg

is factually incorrect. In the opinion of the Union Ministry of Housing and Urban

Affairs, the land at Aarey is sufficient to meet the current and projected requirement

up to 2055 and, hence, it would not be prudent to shift the location to Kanjurmarg

at the present stage of the project. Moreover, it has been stated that:

(i) The project is in a significantly advanced stage of completion;

(ii) The combined depot plans will introduce operational and maintenance

bottlenecks in the functioning of the network for the entire lifecycle of a high

capacity metro line; and

(iii) While the land at Aarey is free from encumbrances, the land at Kanjurmarg

is under litigation.

9

11. Consequently, the State Government was requested to reconsider its decision to

shift the depot of Line-3 from Aarey colony to Kanjurmarg and to allow the

restarting of the depot work of Line-3 at Aarey colony for expeditious completion

of the project in public interest.

12. Responding to the above communication, the State Government has on 21 July

2022 taken a decision to allow the work of the Metro Car Depot at Aarey to

proceed.

13. Appearing on behalf of MMRCL, the Solicitor General has highlighted that:

(i) The overall cost of the Metro project ranges in the vicinity of Rs 23,000

crores, which is now projected to escalate to Rs 37,000 crores;

(ii) Nearly 95 per cent of the project work has been completed;

(iii) Permission had already been granted for the felling of 2,185 trees envisaged

in the segment pertaining to the car depot and 235 trees for the segment

pertaining to the ramp, while, permission has been sought of this Court to

move the Tree Authority for the felling of 84 trees which would be

occasioned in the segment pertaining to shunting; and

(iv) Having regard to the overall contours of public interest bearing on the

project, the orders passed by this Court on 7 October 2019 and 5 August

2022 may be clarified to the extent that MMRCL may be allowed to move

the Tree Authority for the grant of felling permission.

14. While opposing these submissions, Mr C U Singh and Ms Anitha Shenoy, senior

counsel, have urged that apart from rejecting the relief which has been sought by 10

MMRCL, there are valid grounds for this Court to not allow the decision of the State

Government which was taken on 21 July 2022 to allow the car depot project at

Aarey to proceed. It has been urged that:

(i) The decision which has been taken on 21 July 2022 amounts to a reversal

of a considered view which was taken by the State Government on 23 March

2021, while accepting the report of the Expert Committee chaired by the

Chief Secretary dated 21 January 2021;

(ii) The decision of the Committee was based on cogent considerations,

including the fact that the capacity of the proposed car shed at Aarey would

be exhausted in 2031 leading to a further need for the felling of

approximately 1000 trees should an expansion proposal be taken up in the

future;

(iii) Once a considered decision was taken by the State Government to accept

the report of the Committee chaired by the Chief Secretary, there was no

valid basis to rescind the decision in the absence of scientific material which

would indicate that a contrary view was more desirable; and

(iv) The area in question is sensitive ecologically having due regard to its

proximity to the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, which is rich in bio-diversity.

15. Ms Anitha Shenoy, senior counsel, while buttressing the above submissions, urged

that the project involving the construction of a Metro Line has high pollution

potential falling within the red category. Moreover, it was submitted that on 12

October 2020, a notification has been issued under which 286 hectares of land

have been notified as forests. Senior counsel submitted that, in this backdrop, the 11

decision of the State Government to the effect that full capacity utilization of the

car shed at Aarey would be reached in 2031 necessitated the realignment of the

car shed at Kanjurmarg. Hence, it was urged that there was no valid basis for the

State Government to rescind its decision.

16. While analyzing the merit of the rival submissions, it must, at the outset, be noted

that the validity of the judgment dated 26 October 2018 and of the two judgments

dated 4 October 2019 would fall for determination when the Special Leave

Petitions are taken up for final disposal.

17. This Court, by an order dated 15 April 2019, declined to grant interim relief. At that

stage, when the Court proceeded to decline interim relief, the State Government

had filed its affidavit indicating the inherent public interest involved in the execution

of the project. In regard to the alternate site, the affidavit of the State Government

explained that in November 2011, a detailed project report for the Metro corridor

had been prepared. A six-Member Technical Committee chaired by the

Metropolitan Commissioner, MMRDA was constituted to consider alternate sites.

The Technical Committee submitted its report on 11 August 2015 and considered

the various sites, including the following:

“a) Backbay Reclamation, Colaba

b) Mumbai Port Trust

c) Mahalaxmi Race Course

d) Dharavi

e) Bandra Kurla Complex

f) Mumbai University, Kalina 12

g) Aarey Colony

h) Sariput Nagar

i) Kanjur Marg.”

18. In its affidavit, the State Government submitted that after considering the options

above, the Committee found that three sites at or beyond the terminal points meet

the requirements. Thereafter, the Technical Committee submitted its report

recommending as follows:

“i) The Metro-Ill car-depot be located at Kanjur Marg, with

only a small stabling unit at Aarey Depot;

(ii) In case the land was not made available at Kanjur Marg

within a period of three months then the car-depot was

proposed to be located at Aarey Colony within a 20.82

hectare area; and

(iii) Measures would have to be taken to mitigate environment

damage at Aarey Colony.”

19. The report of the Technical Committee was accepted by the State Government on

16 October 2015. The State Government explained the steps which were taken

thereafter pursuant to the report of the Technical Committee. This Court, after

having considered the application for interim relief, considered it appropriate to

decline relief.

13

20. Now, it is in this backdrop that this Court must consider as to whether it ought to

permit the Tree Authority to decide the application dated 11.02.2019 filed by

MMRCL for felling of 84 trees. Alternatively, there is a wider relief which has been

sought in the companion IAs that no part of the Aarey car shed should be allowed

to proceed pending the final disposal of the proceedings.

21. In such projects involving large outlay of public funds, the Court cannot be oblivious

to the serious dislocation which would be caused if the public investment which

has gone into the project were to be disregarded. Undoubtedly, considerations

pertaining to the environment are of concern because all development must, it is

well settled, be sustainable.

The State Government which had taken a decision in the first place to accept the

Technical Committee report in 2015, later on, changed its view while deciding upon

the realignment of the Metro car project at Kanjurmarg. Subsequently, various

aspects were pointed out to the State Government by the communication dated

17 March 2022 of the Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. At this stage,

it cannot be gainsaid that the factors which have been set out in the communication

dated 17 March 2022 cannot be disregarded. Having regard to the entirety of the

material before it, if the State Government has come to the conclusion that the

original decision to allow the Metro car depot for Metro Line-3 be located at Aarey

has to be restored, it would not be possible for the Court at the interim stage to

stay the decision.

14

22. Moreover, it must also be noted that a substantial number of trees pertaining to the

area which falls within the segment of the car shed and the ramp have already

been felled. Consequently, this Court was apprised on 7 October 2019 and 5

August 2022 that no further trees were required to be felled. As already noted

earlier, 2,144 trees were felled in executing the work pertaining to car depot, while,

212 trees were felled in connection with the work of the ramp. What is now sought

is permission to apply to the Tree Authority for the felling of 84 trees pertaining to

the ramp. It needs no emphasis that without a ramp the work which has already

been completed would be of no consequence and would be wholly ineffective.

Hence, having due regard to the above circumstances, we have arrived at the

conclusion that MMRCL should be permitted to pursue its application before the

Tree Authority for the permission to fell 84 trees for the purpose of the ramp. We

clarify that the Tree Authority would be at liberty to take an independent decision

on the application and determine what conditions, if any, should be imposed if it

decides to grant its permission.

23. The order of this Court, which has the effect of directing the preservation of status

quo on the felling of trees, shall accordingly stand modified to the above extent

thereby permitting the MMRCL to move the Tree Authority on its application for

felling of 84 trees. The state government would be at liberty to proceed further. 15

24. The IAs are accordingly disposed of.

25. The entire batch of petitions would be listed for hearing and final decision on 7

February 2023.

…………...…...….......………………........CJI.

[Dr Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud]

……..…..…....…........……………….…........J. [Pamidighantam Sri Narasimha]

New Delhi;

November 29, 2022

-S-