Arcadia Shipping Ltd. vs Tata Steel Limited

REPORTABLE 2024 INSC 333 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. OF 2024 (ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO.8488 OF 2024)

ARCADIA SHIPPING LTD. ..... APPELLANT

VERSUS

TATA STEEL LIMITED AND OTHERS ..... RESPONDENTS

ORDER

SANJIV KHANNA, J.

Leave granted.

2. This order gives reasons and decides a question of territorial jurisdiction under

the Code of Civil Procedure, 19081.

3. We begin by briefly referring to the facts of the case and pleadings in the plaint

- Suit No. 458/2000:

o The original plaintiff is Bhushan Steel & Strips Ltd2. Bhushan Steel has

merged with Tata Steel Limited (respondent no. 1 before this Court).

o The defendant nos. 1-4 are, TYO Trading Enterprises3 (respondent no.

2 before this Court), Commercial Bank of Ethiopia4 (respondent no. 3

before this Court), Arcadia Shipping Limited5 (appellant before this

Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by babita pandey 1 For short, “Code.” Date: 2024.04.24 15:20:45 IST 2 For short, “Bhushan Steel”. Reason:

3 For short, “TYO Trading”.

4 For short, “Bank of Ethiopia”.

5 For short, “Arcadia”.

Civil Appeal No. 7708 of 2014 Page 1 of 11

Court) and M.G. Trading Worldwide Pvt Ltd6 (respondent no. 4 before

this Court).

o Bhushan Steel was, inter alia, a manufacturer of galvanized steel

corrugated sheets.

o TYO Trading was a company based in Ethiopia that had instructed its

agent, M.G. Trading, to place certain supply orders for galvanized steel

corrugated sheets with Bhushan Steel.

o Accordingly, M.G. Trading placed orders with Bhushan Steel, at Delhi,

for the supply of 400 MT of galvanized steel corrugated sheets.

o TYO Trading had initially opened the Letter of Credit in favour of its

agent M.G. Trading.

o Subsequently, the Letter of Credit was transferred in the name of

Bhushan Steel, pursuant to which, the material was dispatched by

Bhushan Steel, as per the supply orders.

o The material was loaded by the shippers, Arcadia, in their vessel -

Winco Pioneer, from a port in Mumbai, India to a port in Djibouti,

Ethiopia.

o Arcadia undertook the shipment vide two bills of lading7 -(i) Bill of Lading

No. DJB-06 for 200 MT of galvanized steel corrugated sheets and (ii)

Bill of Lading No. DJB-07 for 198 MT of galvanized steel corrugated

sheets.

o The freight charges for shipping were prepaid by Bhushan Steel to

Arcadia.

o Arcadia was directed to deliver the goods to the order of the Bank of

6 For short, “M.G. Trading”.

Civil Appeal No. 7708 of 2014 Page 2 of 11 Ethiopia, to whom documents had been submitted by Bhushan Steel

through their bankers, Punjab National Bank8. The documents were to

be negotiated under the Letter of Credit.

o PNB had sent the said documents to the Bank of Ethiopia for making

the payments. All formalities for encashing the Letter of Credit had been

completed by Bhushan Steel.

o However, Bank of Ethiopia refused to encash the Letter of Credit on the

grounds of discrepancies.

o Vide fax message dated 25.08.1999, Bhushan Steel was informed by

Arcadia that both the shipments had been released to the consignee,

TYO Trading, as they had duly presented a Bill of Lading, endorsed by

Bank of Ethiopia.

o Vide letter dated 07.09.1998, TYO Trading informed Bhushan Steel,

through M.G. Trading, that they had made the payment, which would be

released by the Bank of Ethiopia.

o The payment was not received by Bhushan Steel. The material was

delivered and could not be shipped back to Bhushan Steel.

o Thus, the defendants had taken a contradictory stand. While TYO

Trading had stated that they had paid for the goods, the Bank of Ethiopia

had refused to honour the Letter of Credit. Arcadia had stated that the

material had been released to TYO Trading upon presentation of the

Bill of Lading which was duly endorsed by the Bank of Ethiopia. Further,

PNB had returned the original documents, including the Bill of Ladings

to Bhushan Steel stating that they had received them without any

8 For short, “PNB”.

Civil Appeal No. 7708 of 2014 Page 3 of 11 encashment of the Letter of Credit by the Bank of Ethiopia.

o Paragraphs 22 and 29 of the plaint read as under:

“22. That thus the fact remains that the payment of the said bill of lading has not been paid to the plaintiff and is still liable to be paid to the plaintiff and the plaintiff is fully entitled for an amount of US$ 2,76,510 which is the liability of defendant no.l and 2 in the event of goods rightly being released by defendant no. 3 after obtaining duly endorsed bill of lading from defendant no. 2, but in case the goods had been released without obtaining the endorsement then it is the liability of defendant nos. 1, 2 and 3 jointly and severally towards plaintiff for making payment thereof as defendant no. 2 cannot escape its liability under any circumstances as if the irrevocable Letter of Credit would not have been issued by defendant no.2 duly transferred in favour of plaintiff, the plaintiff would not have supplied the said goods and since despite the fact that all the conditions of supply was fulfilled by plaintiff of the irrevocable Letter of Credit, the defendant no.2 have not released the payment, therefore the liability of defendant no.2 remains in al1 eventuality and the liability of defendant no.3 arises if they had delivered the goods without obtaining endorsement from defendant no.2 and as such in order to escape their liability defendant no. 3 to establish and prove that they hold with them the original Bill- of Lading duly endorsed by defendant no.2 to release the said goods in favour of defendant no.l, otherwise defendant no.3 cannot escape its liability for payment. This is so the original documents have been returned back unpaid to the plaintiff by their bankers Punjab National Bank and as such it is surprising as to how the goods had been released by defendant no. 3 as confirmed by them in favour of defendant no. 1 vide their fax dated 29th August, 1999.

xxx xxx xxx

29. That the cause of action arose for the first time when defendant no.4 assigned the said order placed by defendant no.l in favour of plaintiff; again arose on 23rd June, 1998 when the goods were supplied to defendant no.l and was sent to defendant no. 3; again arose on 7th September, 1998, when defendant no. 1 confirmed having made the payment to defendant no.2 and assure the early release of the payment; again arose when the documents were returned to the plaintiff on 23rd August,

Civil Appeal No. 7708 of 2014 Page 4 of 11 1999 when the plaintiff enquired about the status of the goods; again arose on 25th August, 1999 when defendant no.3 confirmed having delivered the goods to defendant no.l and the authority of defendant no.2 and finally arose on 29th November, 1999 when despite the legal notice the defendants failed to release the payment and is a continuing one.”

In this manner, it was pleaded that if an endorsement on the Bill of

Lading was made by the Bank of Ethiopia, they would be liable. Arcadia

would be liable if they were not able to establish and prove that the

original Bill of Lading was duly endorsed by the Bank of Ethiopia.

o Accordingly, the defendants were jointly and severally liable.

o Paragraph 30 of the plaint relating to the territorial jurisdiction reads as

under:

“That the cause of action arose at Delhi as the order was placed at Delhi and the payment was to be released at Delhi, therefore this Hon'ble Court has got the Jurisdiction to try and adjudicate upon the present suit.”

Bhushan Steel had thus pleaded that the High Court at Delhi

possessed territorial jurisdiction to decide the Suit.

4. Vide judgement/order dated 20.12.2017, the Single Judge of the High Court at

Delhi recording the following findings:

o Bank of Ethiopia had refused to honour the Letter of Credit on account

of discrepancies as the goods were shipped late and the documents

were presented after the course of negotiation.

o Goods were released and in spite of efforts of Bhushan Steel to call

back the shipment, the goods could not be retrieved.

o TYO Trading Enterprises was untraceable and were proceeded ex-

parte.

Civil Appeal No. 7708 of 2014 Page 5 of 11 o Arcadia had loaded and shipped the goods, however, they failed to

divulge the actual recipient in Ethiopia. Arcadia failed to inform

Bhushan Steel about their due compliance. Acadia had taken

conflicting and inconsistent stands regarding the person to whom the

goods were released. The original documents, including the Bills of

Lading were returned to Bhushan Steel and were in their possession.

Thus, the goods could not have been released by Arcadia without the

production of the original Bill of Ladings which were with Bhushan

Steel.

o Therefore, the goods were released by Arcadia unauthorisedly and

have not been accounted for by them. Accordingly, Arcadia is liable

to Bhushan Steel for the loss suffered.9 Arcadia should pay Bhushan

Steel the value of the goods, without any interest.

Despite these findings, the Single Judge directed the return of the plaint on the

question of territorial jurisdiction, as reproduced below:

“Issue No. 1

27. This Court agrees with defendant No.3's contention that this Court lacks territorial junsdiction to entertain and decide the present suit. Apparently, no cause of action arose against defendant No.3 within the jurisdiction of the Court to grant the relief prayed for. Defendant No. 3 carries on its business at Mumbai. It is not at controversy that the goods in question were shipped / loaded at Mumbai, the freight charges were paid there. The goods were to be delivered at Djibouti Port, Ethiopia Apparently, no cause of action whatsoever qua defendant No. 3 arose at Delhi to attract the teritorial jurisdiction of this Court. This Court has no jurisdiction to entertain and

9 The judgment records that Arcadia had not disclosed who was the ‘Principal’, who was an undisclosed

foreign party. Arcadia had not produced document to show if the freight charges were received on behalf of the ‘Principal’ etc.

Civil Appeal No. 7708 of 2014 Page 6 of 11 decide the present suit qua the defendant No. 3. This issue is decided in favour of the defendant No.3 and against the plaintiff.

Relief

28. Since this Court has no territorial jurisdiction to entertain and decide the present suit qua defendant No. 3, the relief claimed by the plaintiff against defendant No. 3 cannot be granted.

29. Plaint be returned to the plaintiff to be presented before the Court of Competent Jurisdiction, as per law.”

5. A Division Bench of the High Court at Delhi, vide judgment/order 09.01.2024,

allowed an appeal against the judgement/order passed by the Single Judge

dated 20.12.2017, in an appeal preferred by Tata Steel Limited.

6. The present appeal has been preferred by the appellant – Arcadia against the

judgment/order of the Division Bench of the High Court at Delhi, dated

08.01.2024.

7. Arcadia submits that two distinct transactions occurred: first, the sale of goods

and second, a shipment of goods from Mumbai to Djibouti. Arcadia

emphasizes that their involvement was restricted to the second transaction.

Notably, the supply orders, integral to the first transaction, were placed in Delhi.

Thus, Arcadia submits that a suit cannot be brought against them in Delhi, as

they were not a part of the first transaction and their businesses were located

out of Mumbai.

8. In our opinion, the contention raised by Arcadia has no merit. The transactions

are intrinsically intertwined and cannot be compartmentalized into watertight

Civil Appeal No. 7708 of 2014 Page 7 of 11 silos. The shipment of goods was linked and connected with the sale of goods

by Bhushan Steel through, inter alia, the Bill of Lading. A Bill of Lading

essentially serves a tri-fold purpose: (a) it is receipt of the goods shipped and

the terms on which they have been received; (b) it is evidence for the contract

of carriage of goods; and (c) it is a document of title for the goods specified

therein. Consequently, the release of goods by the shipper, Arcadia, hinged

upon the presentation of the Bill of Lading by the receiver, TYO Trading at the

point of receipt. However, the Bill of Lading necessitated proper endorsement

by the Bank of Ethiopia since they were the issuers of the Letter of Credit.

Bhushan Steel remained the owner of the goods. In this manner, the actions

of Arcadia and the transactions were interconnected with each other. Upon

reading paragraphs 22, 29 and 30 of the plaint referred to above and after

perusing the facts of the case, it is clear to us that a part of the cause of action

had arisen in Delhi.

9. It would be opportune to refer to the provisions of the Code.

10. Section 20(c) of the Code accords dominus litis to the plaintiff to institute a suit

within local limits of whose jurisdiction the cause of action, wholly or in part

arises.10 Every suit is based upon the cause of action, and the situs of the

cause of action, even in part, will confer territorial jurisdiction on the court. The

expression ‘cause of action’ can be given either a restrictive or wide meaning.

10 “20. Other suits to be instituted where defendants reside or cause of action arises.—Subject to the

limitations aforesaid, every suit shall be instituted in a Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction— xxx xxx xxx

(c) the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises.

Civil Appeal No. 7708 of 2014 Page 8 of 11 However, it is judicially read to mean - every fact that the plaintiff should prove

to support their right to the judgment.

11. Order I Rule 3 of the Code states that the plaintiff may join as a defendant in

one suit, all persons against whom, the plaintiff claims the right to relief in

respect of, or arising out of, the same act or transaction or series of

transactions.11 The claim viz. the defendants can be joint, several or in the

alternative. Thus, it is permissible to file one civil suit, even when, separate

suits can be brought against such persons, when common questions of law

and fact arise.

12. Order I Rule 7 of the Code permits a plaintiff who is in doubt as to the person

from whom they are entitled to obtain redress, to join two or more defendants

in order that the question as to which of the defendants is liable, and to what

extent, can be decided in one suit.12

13. The supply order was placed in Delhi and the payment was to be released in

Delhi. Accordingly, the cause of action arose in part at Delhi, in terms of

Section 20(c) of the Code. As per Order I Rules 3 and 7 of the Code, it was

permissible for Bhushan Steel to enjoin in a single suit all the defendants,

including Arcadia. Their claim of right to relief lies against all such defendants.

11 “3. Who may be joined as defendants.—All persons may be joined in one suit as defendants where—

(a) any right to relief in respect of, or arising out of, the same act or transaction or series of acts or transactions is alleged to exist against such persons, whether jointly, severally or in the alternative; and

(b) if separate suits were brought against such persons, any common question of law or fact would arise.” 12 “7. When plaintiff in doubt from whom redress is to be sought.— Where the plaintiff is in doubt as to

the person from whom he is entitled to obtain redress, he may join two or more defendants in order that the question as to which of the defendants is liable, and to what extent, may be determined as between all parties.”

Civil Appeal No. 7708 of 2014 Page 9 of 11 Further, the relief claimed was in respect of or arising out of a series of

transactions, the sale of goods and then their shipment, which transactions

were connected and synchronized with the relief claimed. The cause of action

could not have been adjudicated without impleading all the defendants as

parties. Thus, in terms of Order I Rule 3, the relief claimed by Bhushan Steel

lies against all the defendants, albeit to different extents and was ‘in respect of

and arises out of a series of transactions’. Thus, Bhushan Steel was within its

rights to enjoin all the defendants under a single suit as per Order I Rule 7 of

the Code such that the extent of liability of each defendant could be decided in

the same suit.

14. Therefore, the Division Bench of the High Court was right in setting aside the

finding recorded by the Single Judge viz issue no. 1 – territorial jurisdiction.

15. However, we must also record that a question of territorial jurisdiction should

ordinarily be decided at the outset rather than being deferred till all matters are

resolved. In the judgment dated 20.09.2017, the Single Judge held that no

liability can be fastened to TYO Trading and Bank of Ethiopia. However, it held

that liability could be fastened to Arcadia. In the context of the dispute in

question, the different and divergent stands of the defendants, the remedy was

to file a civil suit against the defendants, which in the facts was maintainable in

Delhi, a part of the cause of action having arisen in Delhi.

16. Hence, the Single Judge erred in upholding Arcadia’s contention regarding

lack of territorial jurisdiction of the Delhi High Court and absence of any cause

of action arising against them in Delhi, based on their businesses being located

in Mumbai.

Civil Appeal No. 7708 of 2014 Page 10 of 11

17. For the aforesaid reasons, the present civil appeal is dismissed.

18. Pending application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of.

......................................J. (SANJIV KHANNA)

......................................J. (DIPANKAR DATTA)

NEW DELHI;

APRIL 16, 2024.

Civil Appeal No. 7708 of 2014 Page 11 of 11