Anil Kumar vs Praveen

2026 INSC 452 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. OF 2026 [Arising out of SLP (CRL.) 2786-87 OF 2025]

ANILKUMAR S/o MANOHAR DEVADHAR …PETITIONER

VS.

PRAVEEN S/o ADIVAYYA HIREMATH …RESPONDENT

JUDGMENT

DIPANKAR DATTA, J.

1. Leave granted.

2. The challenge in these appeals is to the common judgment and order dated

27th January 2025 passed by the High Court of Karnataka, Dharwad Bench1

disposing of two criminal revisional applications2 of the respondent by granting

him complete relief.

3. Appellant was the original complainant in separate complaints lodged

before the trial court3 arising out of Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments

Act, 18814, wherein the respondent was the common accused.

4. By the impugned judgment and order, the High Court modified the

judgment of the appellate court5 impugned before it in its revisional jurisdiction

in the following terms:

Signature Not Verified

“7. Since the petitioner has already deposited 50% of the fine amount before this Court, it would suffice to modify the sentence by restricting the Digitally signed by rashmi dhyani pant Date: 2026.05.06 17:00:09 IST Reason: 1 High Court 2 Criminal Revision Petition Nos. 100041 and 100040 of 2017 3 IIIrd Additional Civil Judge & JMFC Court, Dharwad 4 Act 5 IVth Additional District & Session Judge, Dharwad fine amount to the cheque amount. Accordingly, to this extent, the impugned judgment of conviction and order of sentence requires modification. Accordingly, I pass the following:

ORDER

a) The appeals are allowed.

b) The impugned judgement and order dated 25.01.2017 passed by the IV Additional District and Session Judge Dharwad in Crl.P.Nos. 128/2016 and 129/2016 and the judgement and order dated 26.10.2016 passed by the III Additional Civil Judge (Jr.Dn) and JMFC, Dharwad in C.C. 284/2014 and 287/2014 are hereby modified as follows.

c) The appellant/accused is convicted for the offence punishable under section 138 of the N.I. Act and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs.2,00,000/-

and Rs.50,00,000/- respectively and in default to undergo simple imprisonment for a period of 2 years.

d) The complainant has withdrawn the cheque amount deposited by the accused before this Court.

e) The appellant/accused having deposited the entire cheques amount, the order of sentence passed against the accused to undergo imprisonment for a period of two years is set aside in case of default is set aside (sic.).”

5. Respondent had issued two cheques to the appellant, one for Rs.2,00,000/-

and the other for Rs.50,00,000/-. Both the cheques were dishonoured. The trial

magistrate recorded findings that dishonour of the cheques and the appellant

having followed the procedure statutorily laid down while issuing notices to the

respondent which he did not comply were proved; also that, the appellant proved

a legally enforceable claim. Consequently, upon recording conviction, the

magistrate sentenced the respondent to imprisonment for 2 (two) years with fine

of Rs.4,00,000/- and Rs.1,00,00,000/-, i.e., double the cheque amount. In

appeal by the respondent, the conviction and sentence were upheld.

6. Appellant, being the complainant is aggrieved, because despite concurrent

conviction under Section 138 of the Act by the trial court and the appellate court,

as well as by the High Court in revision, the respondent has been simply let off

by the High Court without any punishment and is required, in terms of the High

Court’s impugned order, to only pay the cheque amount sans even any interest.

According to the appellant, the cheque amount is being returned after 10 (ten)

years of dishonour of the cheques. This, he claims in unfair and unjust.

7. The High Court, mistakenly assuming that it was exercising appellate power

and not revisional power, proceeded to interfere by observing that the Trial Court

has not given any reason for imposing a fine that is twice the cheque amount;

however, while so interfering with that part of the sentence and modifying the

same, the High Court did neither impose any prison term nor award interest with

the result that the respondent does not stand to suffer any penalty for committing

the proved offence.

8. Interfering with the exercise of discretion as to what would constitute

appropriate sentence and ultimately letting off the respondent by merely asking

him to pay the cheque amount without any prison term and without awarding

any interest, prima facie, appeared to us perverse and erroneous, hence,

indefensible. Opportunity was given to learned counsel for the respondent to

advance submissions for sustaining it. He fairly expressed his inability to defend

the indefensible, so to say.

9. In course of hearing on several subsequent occasions, we had impressed

upon learned counsel for the respondent to propose terms for an ‘out of the court’

settlement. Since no such settlement was forthcoming, we indicated that

appropriate sentence ought to be imposed on the respondent and, by our last

order, required his presence today for appearance before us to hear him on the

question of sentence. Respondent has participated in the proceedings, through

the virtual mode.

10. Through his learned counsel, the respondent has proposed to pay a sum of

Rs. 45,00,000/- (Rupees forty-five lakh) towards full and final settlement of the

dues to the appellant by 31st August, 2026. With a bit of reluctance, but on

instructions, learned counsel for the appellant agrees to receive Rs. 45,00,000/-

(Rupees forty-five lakh) towards full and final settlement of the dues.

11. Having recorded the specific undertaking given by the respondent through

his learned counsel, we do not propose to enter into the merits of the matter

further and discuss how grossly wrong the High Court was in granting relief to

the respondent. Suffice to record, we grant time till 31st August, 2026 to the

respondent to make payment of Rs. 45,00,000/- (Rupees forty-five lakh) to the

appellant. We hope and trust that the respondent will endeavour to honour the

proposal and will not give any further occasion for the appellant to approach this

Court once again.

12. The impugned judgment and order of the High Court, being wholly perverse

and manifestly erroneous, stands set aside. The appeals are, thus, allowed.

13. Should the respondent fail to make the payment to the appellant, as

proposed and recorded supra, the appellant shall be at liberty to apply for revival

of these appeals whereupon they may be revived for considering the desirability

to send the respondent to prison straight away.

14. Pending applications, if any, stand disposed of.

…………….............................J.

[DIPANKAR DATTA]

……………..............................J.

[SATISH CHANDRA SHARMA]

New Delhi;

April 13, 2026.